COMMUNICATION

AND INTERNET
TECHNOLOGIES
 THE EVOLUTION OF THE PURPOSE AND
BENEFITS OF NETWORKING
Wide Area Network (WAN)
WAN covers a large geographical area. This area might be as
large as a state or a country or even the world. Most WANs
consist of two or more LANs that are by routers.
During the 1970s it would be normal for a large organization to
have a computer. This would be a mainframe or minicomputer.
In a WAN, the networked computers could be thousands of
kilometers apart.
 THE EVOLUTION OF THE PURPOSE AND
BENEFITS OF NETWORKING (Cont…)

The benefits of having the computers connected by a

WAN were:
•A job could be run on a remote computer that had the
required application software
•A data archive that was stored on a remote computer could
be accessed
•A message could be transmitted electronically to a user on a
remote computer
 THE EVOLUTION OF THE PURPOSE AND
BENEFITS OF NETWORKING (Cont…)
Today, a typical WAN is characterized by the following
• It will be used by an organization or a company to connect sites or
branches.
• It will not be owned by the organization or company
• It will be leased from a public switched telephone network
company(PSTN)
• A dedicated communication link will be provided by the PSTN.
• The transmission medium will be fibre optic cable
• Transmission within the WAN will be from switch to switch.
 THE EVOLUTION OF THE PURPOSE AND
BENEFITS OF NETWORKING (Cont…)
Local Area Network (LAN)
In the 1980s the arrival of the microcomputer or personal
computer (PC) changed computing in an organization, a user
could have their own computer on their desk. The computer
could be a stand alone system or some organizations chose to
have more than one computer connected using a Local Area
Network (LAN). It was called a local area network because it
typically connected PCs that were in one room or in one
building or one site.
 THE EVOLUTION OF THE PURPOSE AND
BENEFITS OF NETWORKING (Cont…)

Local Area Network (LAN)

LAN It is a network that connects computers within a small
geographical area such as building.
A LAN is a type of computer network used to connect
computers separated by short distances, such as in an office or
university campus or an organization
 THE EVOLUTION OF THE PURPOSE AND
BENEFITS OF NETWORKING (Cont…)

The benefits of connecting PCs in a LAN include the following

• The expense of installing application software on each individual PC could
be saved by installing the software on an application server attached to
the LAN instead.
• A file server could be attached to the LAN that allowed users to store larger
files and also allowed files to be shared between users.
• Instead of supplying individual printers to be connected to a user’s PC, one
or more printers could be attached to a print server that was connected to
the LAN; these could higher quality printers.
 THE EVOLUTION OF THE PURPOSE AND
BENEFITS OF NETWORKING (Cont…)

• Managers in organizations could use electronic mail to

communicate with staff rather than sending round memos
on paper.
• The paper less office became a possibility, where files were to
be stored in digital form on a file server rather than as paper
copies in filling cabinet.
 THE EVOLUTION OF THE PURPOSE AND
BENEFITS OF NETWORKING (Cont…)
Today, a typical LAN is characterized by the following
• It will be used by an organization or a company within a site
or branch.
• It will be owned by the organization or company.
• It will be one of many individual LANs at one site.
• The transmission medium will be twisted pair cable or WIFI
• The LAN will contain a device that allows connection to other
networks.
 THE EVOLUTION OF THE PURPOSE AND
BENEFITS OF NETWORKING (Cont…)

Internet working
The word internet is shortened form of the term ‘internetwork’,
which describes a number of networks all connected together.
LANs are connected to WANs which are in turn connected to the
Internet to allow access to resources.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE PURPOSE
AND BENEFITS OF NETWORKING
(Cont…)
The client-Server model
The client-server model(architecture) was first used in large
organizations when they had installed internal networks.
Typically, the organization would have individual LANs
connected via an organization wide WAN. An individual LAN
might have had an application server attached. The
organization was likely to need a powerful central computer.
The central computer could be connected to WAN as a server.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE PURPOSE
AND BENEFITS OF NETWORKING
(Cont…)
The client server mode of operation nowadays is different. The client
is a web browser connected to the internet. The server is a web server
hosted on the Internet.
The server provides an application and the client uses the application
There are two options for how the client functions.
- A thin-client
- A thick-client
THE EVOLUTION OF THE PURPOSE
AND BENEFITS OF NETWORKING
(Cont…)
A thin-client is one which:
- Chooses an application to run on the server
- Sends input data to the server when requested by the application
- Receives output from the application
A thick client is one which:
- Chooses an application provided by the server
- Possibly carries out some processing before running the application on the server and also
after receiving output from the application.
- Alternatively, possibly downloads the application from the server and runs the application
itself.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE PURPOSE
AND BENEFITS OF NETWORKING
(Cont…)
The client server approach is the choice in the following
circumstance
• The server stores a database which is accessed from the
client system.
• The server stores a web application which allows the client
system to find or, sometimes supply information.
• The server stores a web application which allows the client
system to carry out an e-commerce or financial transaction.
 THE EVOLUTION OF THE PURPOSE AND
BENEFITS OF NETWORKING (Cont…)

File sharing
If a user uploads files to a file server then the client-server operation can
be used by another user to download these from the server.
An alternative mode of operation for sharing files is peer to peer
networking instead of having one server that many clients access, a peer-
to-peer network operates with a each peer (networked computer) storing
some files. Each peer can therefore act as a client and request a file from
another peer or it can act as a server when another peer requests the
download of a file.
 THE EVOLUTION OF THE PURPOSE AND
BENEFITS OF NETWORKING (Cont…)

The peer-to-peer model has several advantages

compared to client-server file downloading:
• It avoids the possibility of congestion on the network when
many clients are simultaneously attempting to download files.
• Parts of a file can be downloaded separately
• The parts are available from more than one host.
 THE EVOLUTION OF THE PURPOSE AND
BENEFITS OF NETWORKING (Cont…)

The client-server model has the following advantages.

• It allows an organization to control the downloading and use
of files.
• The files can be better protected from malware attacks
because the files are stored on one server which will be
regularly scanned using appropriate anti-virus software.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
There are five requirements for a data communications
system:
• Sender
• Receiver
• A transmission medium can be air (WIFI) or cable
(Ethernet)
• A message
• A protocol
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES (Cont…)

Data can be sent through the medium in different

modes:
• Simplex mode where data flow is one way only
• Half duplex where data can flow either way but not
simultaneously
• Full duplex where simultaneous both ways data flow is
possible.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES (Cont…)

A message is any type of data, which can be sent as either:

•A broadcast, which is a one-to-all communication(as used
traditionally for radio and television)
• A multicast, which is from one source to many destinations
• A unicast, which is one to one communication.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES (Cont…)

A data communications system may consist of a single isolated

network. There are several possibilities for the topology of an
isolated network.
Topology is the configuration of a network that defines how
the various devices on the network are connected.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES (Cont…)

1.A point-to-point network

The simplest of these is where two systems are connected by a
network link. This is an example of a point-to-point connection,
which is a dedicated link. Transmission might be simplex or
duplex and a message can only be unicast.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES (Cont…)
2. Bus Topology
A bus topology has only one link but it is shared by a number of
end-system and is therefore described as a multi-point
connection. A message must therefore be broadcast even
though it might only be intended for one end-system. The
topology is resilient because a fault in an end-system or in the
link to it does not affect the use of the network by the other
end-systems.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES (Cont…)
3.Mesh Topology
In this configuration, each end-system has a point-to-point
connection to each of the other end-systems (a computer or
server connected to the network.)
Transmission is duplex; messages might be unicast, multicast
or broadcast.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES (Cont…)

Figure above shows end-systems connected in a mesh topology

but this is unrealistic because of the amount of cabling
required. A mesh topology can be used when individual LAN
switches are connected in a network. The topology is essential
for the connection of routers within the infrastructure of the
Internet.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES (Cont…)

4. Star Topology
In a star topology, each end-system has a point-to-point
connection to the central device. Transmission is duplex and
messages from the central device might be unicast, multicast
or broadcast. As with the bus topology, the failure of an end-
system, or its link, leaves the other end-systems unaffected.
However, the central device must not fail.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES (Cont…)

In the star topology, the end-systems might be user

workstations or servers but the central device is different. It is a
specialized device with the purpose of connecting other devices
in the network. Currently, the star topology is the usual way to
configure a network. There are several reasons for this. The
most important is that the central device can be used to
connect the network to other networks and, in particular, to the
Internet.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES (Cont…)

Star topology
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES (Cont…)

Hybrid network
Hybrid network it is a collection of connected LANs where
some of them have different topologies or supporting
technologies. A special connecting device is needed to ensure
that the hybrid network is fully functional.
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

This is the physical means of communication between network

computers. The media can be bounded such as cables, or unbounded
such as free space.
• Bounded / guided media, which transmit signals by sending electricity
or light over a cable or wire. Common examples of bounded media
include twisted pair, coaxial cables and fiber optic cables.
• Unbounded media, which transmit data through the open air. Radio
waves, laser or infrared signals and satellite based microwaves are all
unbounded media.
TRANSMISSION MEDIA (CONT…)
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA (CONT…)

CABLE
The options for a cable are twisted pair, coaxial or fibre-optic.
(The first two use copper for the transmission medium.) In
discussing suitability for a given application there are a number
of factors to consider. One is the cost of the cable and
connecting devices. Another is the bandwidth achievable,
which governs the possible data transmission rate.
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA (CONT…)

There are then two factors that can cause poor performance:
the likelihood of interference affecting transmitted signals
and the extent of attenuation (deterioration of the signal)
when high frequencies are transmitted. These two factors affect
the need for repeaters or amplifiers in transmission lines.
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA (CONT…)

COMPARISONS BETWEEN CABLE TYPES

 TRANSMISSION MEDIA (CONT…)

TWISTED PAIR
Twisted pair is the cheapest and most common guided transmission media
there is today.
It’s mostly used in LAN. The wires in twisted pair cabling are twisted together
in pair in a protective sheath.
Currently, twisted pair cable is still in use almost universally for connecting a
telephone handset to a telephone line. It is also the technology of choice for
high speed local area networks.
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA (CONT…)

TWISTED PAIR
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA (CONT…)

TWISTED PAIR
There are two major categories of twisted pair cable.
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
TWISTED PAIR CONNECTOR
Twisted pair cabling uses RJ-11 and RJ-45 connectors. RJ stands for
Registered Jack.
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA (CONT…)

TWISTED PAIR
ADVANTAGES OF TWISTED PAIR CABLING
• Reconfiguration is simple
• Low cost of installation
• They are easy to install
• It is inexpensive because of mass of production for the telecommunication
markets.
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA (CONT…)

TWISTED PAIR
DISADVANTAGES OF TWISTED PAIR CABLING
• Both formats suffer high attenuation levels.
• Limited data rates – the longer a signal has to travel over twisted pair,
the lower the data rate.
• Short distances required between repeaters
• High error rate – Twisted pair is highly susceptible to signal interference
such as electromagnetic interference (EMI).
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA (CONT…)

COAXIAL CABLE
Coaxial cable or coax has single copper conductor at its center. A
plastic layer provides insulation between the center conductor and
a braided metal shield. The wire shield helps to block any outside
interference from electromagnetic interference (EMI).
Coaxial cable has mainly been replaced for use in long-distance
telephone cabling but is still used extensively by cable television
companies and is often used in metropolitan area networks.
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA (CONT…)

COAXIAL CABLE
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA (CONT…)

COAXIAL CABLE
The two types of coaxial cabling are thick coaxial and thin coaxial.
COAXIAL CABLE CONNECTORS
The most common type of connector used with coaxial cables is the BNC (British
Naval Connector) connector.
THE ADVANTAGES OF COAXIAL CABLE.
Greater bandwidth – compared to twisted pair
Lower error rates
They are relatively inexpensive
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA (CONT…)

COAXIAL CABLE
DISADVANTAGES OF COAXIAL CABLE
o High installation costs and difficult – they are more difficult and expensive to
install.
o Susceptible to damage from lightning strikes coax may be damaged by lightning
strikes.
o Reconfiguration is difficult.
o Bidirectional upgrade required.
o It is susceptible to EMI (Electromagnetic Interference)
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA (CONT…)

FIBER OPTIC CABLES

Fiber-optic cable performs best but does cost more than the other technologies.
Fiber-optic cable is the technology of choice for long distance cabling.
Fiber optic cable is a thin glass cable, approximately a little thicker than a
human hair, surrounded by a plastic coating. Fiber optic cable transmits light
pulses, can transfer data at billions of bits per second.
Optical fibers support extremely high bandwidth and can be used over greater
distances than copper cables up to 2 km without the need for repeater to re-
generate the signal.
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA (CONT…)

FIBER OPTIC CABLES

 TRANSMISSION MEDIA (CONT…)

FIBER OPTIC CABLES

FIBER OPTIC CONNECTORS
 ST (Straight Tip)
 SC (Subscriber Connector)
ADVANTAGES OF FIBER OPTIC CABLES
• Less signal attenuation, a signal can run for miles without regeneration
• High bandwidth
• They are more secure, you cannot tap into cable
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA (CONT…)

FIBER OPTIC CABLES

DISADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER CABLES
• It is complicated to install
• Difficult to splice (join)
• Limited physical arc of cable. Bend it too much and it will break, it is also very delicate or
fragile.
• Connectivity devices and cable installation are expensive.
• Relatively complex to configure and install.
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA (CONT…)

Wireless
Wireless media is an unguided media. It doesn’t require to
layout cables to guide the information on its way.
The wireless transmission goes through the air, space and even
water, using antennas to broadcast and receive.
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA (CONT…)

Wireless
The alternative to cable is wireless transmission. The three options here
are radio, microwave or infrared, which are all examples of
electromagnetic radiation; the only intrinsic difference between the three
types is the frequency of the waves.
The factors listed on the left increase in the direction of the arrow, so the
bandwidth increases through radio and microwave to infrared but the
ability of the waves to penetrate solid objects is greatest for radio waves.
Interference is not consistently affected by the frequency.
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA (CONT…)

Wireless
Frequency ranges and frequency dependency of factors
affecting wireless transmission
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA (CONT…)

Comparing cable and wireless transmission

It is worth noting that cables are often referred to as 'guided media' and wireless as
'unguided media'.
There are a number of points to make when considering the relative advantages of
transmission through a cable or wireless transmission:
• The use of specific wireless transmission frequencies is regulated by government
agencies and so permission has to be obtained before wireless transmission is
used.
• Outside these frequencies, no permission is needed to use the air for transmission
but cables can only be laid in the ground with the permission of landowners.
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA (CONT…)

Comparing cable and wireless transmission

• Forglobal communications, the two competing technologies
are transmission through fiber-optic cables laid underground
or on the sea bed and satellite transmission.
• Interference is much more significant for wireless
transmission and its extent is dependent on which
frequencies are being used for different applications.
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA (CONT…)

• Repeaters are needed less often for wireless transmission .

• Mobile (cell) phones now dominate Internet use and for these
only wireless transmission is possible.
• For home or small office use, wired or wireless transmission is
equally efficient; the lack of cabling requirement is the one
factor that favors wire less connections for a small network.
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA (CONT…)

Satellites are important components of modern communication

systems. Three types of satellite are identified by the altitude at
which they orbit.
The highest altitude satellites are in geostationary Earth orbit
(GEO) over the equator and these are used to provide long-
distance telephone and computer network communication.
Only three GEO satellites are needed for full global coverage.
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA (CONT…)

Closer to Earth are a group of medium Earth-orbit (MEO)

satellites some of which provide the global positioning system
(GPS). Ten MEO satellites are needed for global coverage.
Finally, low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellites work in 'constellations'
to supplement the mobile phone networks. Fifty LEO satellites
are needed for full global coverage but currently there are
several hundreds of them up there.
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA (CONT…)

A satellite can act as a component in a network and can

directly connect with ground-based components. These ground-
based components can be much further apart than in a network
with no satellites. The disadvantage of satellites is that the
greater transmission distance causes transmission delays,
which can cause technical problems for the network.
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA (CONT…)

The use of satellites in networks tends to be for specialized

applications such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) or for
Internet use in remote locations. At one stage, a lot of Internet
communication was expected to make use of satellites, but the
development of high-speed fibre-optic cabling at relatively low
cost has reduced the need for satellites.
 LAN HARDWARE
WIRED LANs
In the early years, coaxial cable was used for LANs. Nowadays,
twisted pair cables are probably the most widely used
networking connections, and fibre-optic cables are becoming
more common. In a bus configuration the bus will consist
of a series of sockets linked by cables. The ends of the
bus have terminators attached that prevent signals from
reflecting back down the bus.
 LAN HARDWARE (Cont…)

Each end-system (which is either a user workstation or a

Server), has a short length of cable with an RJ-45 connector at
each end. One end is plugged into a bus socket and the other
end is plugged into the LAN port of the end-system.
Server is a system providing a service to end-systems
 LAN HARDWARE (Cont…)

A bus can be extended by linking two bus cables using a

repeater. A repeater is needed because over long distances,
signals become attenuation (reduced in strength), making
communication unreliable. A repeater receives an input signal
and generates a new full-strength signal.
 LAN HARDWARE (Cont…)
Bridge is network device that connects two segments of a LAN.
The bridge stores the network addresses for the end-systems in
the two segments it connects.
The LAN port on an end-system is connected to a Network
Interface Card(NIC). The NIC is manufactured with a unique
network address that is used to identify the end-system in
which it has been installed.
Switch is connecting device that can send a unicast message.
A switch is connecting device that can direct a communication
to a specific end-system.
 LAN HARDWARE (Cont…)

WIRELESS LANs
WIFI (WLAN) is a term used to describe wireless Ethernet. Its
formal description is IEEE 802.11. This is a wireless LAN
standard that uses radio frequency transmission. The central
device in a WIFI LAN is a Wireless Access Point (WAP). This
can be an end-system in wired network. The WAP can
communicate with an end-system in the WIFI LAN provided that
the end-system has a Wireless Network Interface Card
(WNIC) installed.
 ETHERNET

Ethernet is one of the two dominant technologies in the modern

networked world. Ethernet is the most widely used Local Area
Network (LAN) technology. Defined as the 802.3 standard by
the IEEE (The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers).
The standard for a wired network is denoted as IEEE
802.3 which is sometimes used as an alternative name for
Ethernet.
 ETHERNET(Cont…)

The standard has so far evolved through five generations: standard

or traditional, fast, gigabit, 10 gigabit and 100 gigabit. The gigabit
part of the name indicates its data transfer speed capability.
Original Ethernet was implemented on a LAN configured either as a
bus or a star with a hub as a central device. In either topology, a
transmission was broadcast type. Any message would be made
available to all of the end-systems without any controlled
communication exchange between any pair of end-systems.
 ETHERNET(Cont…)

The use of a shared medium for message transmission has the

potential for messages to be corrupted during transmission. If
two end-systems were to transmit messages at the
same time there would be what is described as collision.
This is when the voltages associated with the transmission
interfere with each other causing corruption of the individual
messages.
 ETHERNET(Cont…)
The method adopted for dealing with this was CSMA/CD (Carrier
sense multiple access with collision detection)
Carrier Sense means that each station on the LAN continually
listens to tests the cable for the presence of a signal prior to
transmitting. Multiple Access means that there are many
computers attempting to transmit and complete for the
opportunity to send data. Collision Detection means that
when a collision is detected, the stations will stop transmitting
and wait a random length of time before retransmitting.
 ETHERNET(Cont…)
The transmitter uses the following procedure
1. Check the voltage on the transmission medium
2. If this indicates activity, wait a random time before checking again.
3. If no activity is detected, start transmission.
4. Continuously check for a collision.
5. If no collision is detected, continue transmission.
6. If a collision is detected, stop transmission of the message and
transmit a jamming signal to warn all end-stations; after a random
time, try gain.
 ETHERNET(Cont…)

The star configuration has a switch as the central device. The

switch controls transmission to specific end-systems. Each end-
system is connected to the switch by a full-duplex link,
so no collision is possible along that link. Because there might
be high levels of activity the switch needs to be able to
store an incoming message in a buffer until the cable is
free for the transmission to take place. Since collisions are
now impossible, CSMA/CD is no longer needed.
 THE INTERNET INFRASTRUCTURE

The Internet is the biggest Internetwork in existence.

Internet Service Provider (ISP)
Initial function of an Internet Service Provider (ISP) was to give
Internet access to an individual or company. This is now performed by
what we can call an “access ISP”. These access ISPs then connect to what
we can call ‘middle tier’ or regional ISPs, which in turn are connected to
tier 1 (or backbone) ISPs. An ISP is a network and connections between ISPs
are handled by Internet Exchange Points (IXPs). The tier 1 ISPs are at
the top of the hierarchy, along with major Internet content providers.
 THE INTERNET
INFRASTRUCTURE(Cont…)
ROUTER
Routers are found not only in the general mesh of the Internet but also
within the ISP networks. Each router is connected to several other
routers and its function is to choose the best route for
transmission.
Public Switched Telephone Network(PSTN)
The PSTN consists of telephone lines, fiber optic cables, microwave
transmission links, cellular networks, communications satellites,
and undersea telephone cables, all interconnected by switching
centers, thus allowing most telephones to communicate with each
other.
 THE INTERNET
INFRASTRUCTURE(Cont…)
At the time of the early period of networking the telephone
network carried analogue voice data but digital data could be
transmitted provided that a modem was used to convert the
digital data to analogue with a further modem used to
reverse the process at the receiving end. A dial -up network
connection was available which provided modest-speed, shared
access when required.
 THE INTERNET
INFRASTRUCTURE(Cont…)
More recently, the PSTNs have upgraded their main communication
lines to fiber -optic cable employing digital technology. This has
allowed them to offer improved leased line (a private
telecommunications circuit between two or more locations
provided according to a commercial contract) services to ISPs but
has also given them the opportunity to provide their own ISP services.
 THE INTERNET
INFRASTRUCTURE(Cont…)
They provide two types of connectivity service. The first is a
broadband network connection for traditional network access.
The second is Wi-Fi hotspot technology, in which a public
place or area is equipped with an access point which has a
connection to a wired network that provides Internet access.
Mobile devices in the vicinity of the access point can connect to it
wirelessly and from this connection gain Internet access.
 THE INTERNET
INFRASTRUCTURE(Cont…)

CELL PHONE NETWORK

For users of devices with mobile (cell) phone capability there is
an alternative method for gaining access. This is provided by
mobile phone companies acting as ISPs. The mobile phone,
equipped with the appropriate software, communicates with a
standard cell tower to access the wireless telephone network,
which in turn provides a connection to the Internet.
 APPLICATIONS THAT MAKE USE
OF THE INTERNET
The World Wide Web (WWW)
It is common practice to talk about 'using the web' or 'using the
Internet' as though these were just two different ways of saying the
same thing. This is not true. The Internet is, as has been described
above, an internetwork. By contrast, the World Wide Web
(WWW) is a distributed application which is available on the
Internet.
Specifically, the web consists of an enormous collection of
websites each having one or more web pages. The special feature
of a web page is that it can contain hyperlinks which, when clicked,
give direct and essentially immediate access to other web pages.
 APPLICATIONS THAT MAKE USE
OF THE INTERNET(Cont…)
CLOUD COMPUTING
Cloud Computing is a general term used to refer to the
delivery of resources and services on demand over the
Internet . It refers to the storage and access to data through
the internet rather than through a computer's hard drive.
 APPLICATIONS THAT MAKE USE OF THE
INTERNET(Cont…)
An organization may choose to establish its own private cloud. In
this case there are three possible approaches:
• The organization takes full responsibility for creating and managing
the cloud installed on-site and connected to a private network.
• The organization outsources to a third-party creation and
management of an on-site installation connected to a private
network.
• The organization outsources the creation and management of an
Internet accessible system by third-part.
 APPLICATIONS THAT MAKE USE
OF THE INTERNET(Cont…)

The alternative is a public cloud. This is created, managed

and owned by third-party cloud service provider. The services
provided by a cloud are familiar ones provided by file servers
and application servers. They are accessible via a browser and
therefore accessible from any suitable device in any location.
A public can be accessed by an individual user or by an
organization. One major difference is the scale of the systems.
 APPLICATIONS THAT MAKE USE
OF THE INTERNET(Cont…)
The services provided can be characterized as being one of:
• Infrastructure provision
• Platform provision
• Software provision
Many of the advantages to a cloud user arise from the fact
that the cloud does not have the limitations that the systems
already available have.
 APPLICATIONS THAT MAKE USE
OF THE INTERNET(Cont…)
• For the infrastructure provision, the advantages include the
better performance when running software and the increased
storage capacity
• Forthe platform provision, the cloud can offer facilities for
software development and testing.
• For the software provision, the cloud will be able to run
applications that require high performance systems.
The cloud user no longer needs technical expertise.
 APPLICATIONS THAT MAKE USE
OF THE INTERNET(Cont…)

The disadvantages to a cloud user relate to the use of a public

cloud. The cloud service provider has complete access to all of
the data stored on the cloud. The cloud user cannot be sure
that their data is not being shared with third parties. This
concern with regard to data privacy.
 Bit streaming

Streaming media are a major component of the use of the

Internet for leisure activities like listening to music or
watching a video. In general, data prior to transmission is
stored in bytes and it is possible to transmit this as a 'byte
stream'. However, streamed media is always compressed.
Some compression techniques involve converting each
byte into a representation with fewer bits. Thus, to allow
the decoding process at the receiver end to work properly, the
data must be transferred as a bit stream.
 Bit streaming(Cont…)

For one category of streaming media, the source is website that

has the media already stored. One option in this case is for the
user to download a file then listen to it or watch it at some
future convenient time. However, when the user does not wish
to wait that long there is streaming option.
 Bit streaming(Cont…)

This option is described as viewing or listening on demand. In

this case the delivery of the media and the playing of the
media are two separate processes. The incoming media data
are received into a buffer created on the user’s computer. The
user’s machine has media player software that takes the media
data from the buffer and plays it.