Plan:

1. The definition of metaphor. Examples of

metaphor
2. Metonymy . Examples of metonymy
3. Differences between metaphor and
metonymy
 How many subdivision in Lexical SD?
 There are three big subdivisions in this class of devices and
they all deal with the semantic nature of a word or phrase:
 1. The stylistic effect is achieved through the binary opposition
of dictionary and contextual or logical and emotive or
primary and derivative meanings of a word
 2. In the second subdivision is based on the interaction
between two lexical meanings simultaneously materialized
in the context.
 3. The third subdivision comprises stable word-combinations in
their interaction with context.
 What is METAPHOR?

 The word metaphor comes from Greek ’metaphorá',

which means ― “to carry over”, “to transfer”. As this
name implies, metaphor transfers meaning from one
object to another so that the second object can be
understood in a new way.
Metaphor is a figure of speech. A direct comparison
between two unrelated things, suggesting that they are
alike in some way. For example, “Time is a thief“.
Basically speaking, metaphor is describing one thing in
terms of some other. These things have similarities as
well as difference. The most significant difference is that
the two belong to different domains.
More examples of metaphor:
 Sea of grief
 Broken heart
 The light of my life
 It's raining men
 Time is a thief
 Bubbly personality
 Feel blue
 My brother was boiling mad.
 The assignment was a breeze.
 It is going to be clear skies from now on.
 The skies of his future began to darken.
 Her voice is music to his ears.
 He is a tiger in class”
 Candle in the wind
 mouse(animal)> mouse (pointing device for computers)
 grasp 'seize" > grasp 'understand,
 What is METONYMY?

 Metonymy is a figure of speech in which one word or phrase is

substituted with another with which it is closely associated.
 In ancient Greek, ‘meta’ means change while ‘onoma’ refers
to name.
 Unlike metaphors, which involve a direct comparison,
metonymy involves a more indirect, associative relationship.
The substitution is based on contiguity or proximity, either in
physical space or in the mind.
More examples
 Crown - in place of a royal person
 The White House - in place of the President or others who work there
 The suits - in place of business people
 Dish - for an entire plate of
 The restaurant - to refer to the staff
 Ears - for giving attention ("Lend me your ears!" from Mark Antony in Julius Caesar)
 Eyes - for sight
 The library - for the staff or the books
 The name of a country - used in place of the government, economy, etc
 The name of a church - used in place of its individual members
 The name of a sports team - used in place of its individual members
 wheels to mean 'car'
 brain to mean 'intelligent person‘
 the Crown to mean the king; king’s are known to wear crowns
 England decides to keep check on immigration. (England refers to the government.)
 The pen is mightier than the sword. (pen represents the written word, and sword
represents physical fighting.)
 The Oval Office was busy in work. (“The Oval Office” is a metonymy as it stands for
people at work in the office.)
 Let me give you a hand. (Hand means help.)
 Sentences using a metonymy
 We must wait to hear from the crown until we make any further decisions.
 The White House will be announcing the decision around noon today.
 If we do not fill out the forms properly, the suits will be after us shortly.
 She's planning to serve the dish early in the evening.
 The cup is quite tasty.
 The Pentagon will be revealing the decision later on in the morning.
 The restaurant has been acting quite rude lately.
 Learn how to use your eyes properly!
 The library has been very helpful to the students this morning.
 That individual is quite the silver fox.
 Can you please give me a hand carrying this box up the stairs?
 The United States will be delivering the new product to us very soon.
 Saint Thomas will be coming to the soup kitchen to help out next Sunday after
Mass.
 The Yankees have been throwing the ball really well, and they have been hitting
better than they have been in the past few seasons.

Read more at http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-
metonymy.html#mVc4p4MIZIX7JPQi.99
J.K. Rowling's "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" is rich
with metaphors and figurative language. Here are a few
examples:
 “He was a thin man with untidy hair and a large nose that
he was rumoured to have stuck into other people’s
business“.

 He - Professor Snape
 In this description of Professor Snape, the phrase "stuck
into other people's business" is a metaphorical way of
saying that Snape is overly involved or meddling in the
affairs of others.
 "Harry's mind was buzzing. He was going to live with the
Dursleys again, after all. He was going to go back to being
treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly.“

 The comparison of Harry being treated like a dog that had rolled in
something smelly is a metaphor that conveys the unpleasant and
mistreated nature of his experiences with the Dursleys.

 "The scar had not pained Harry for nineteen years. All was
well."

 This famous concluding line of the series uses the metaphor "the scar
had not pained" to convey the resolution and healing of Harry's
physical and emotional wounds.
 She is the shoulder I always cry on. (This commonly used phrase is a great example
of metonymy. It refers to a whole as a part, as in fact, it is the person herself who is
a great listener of others' woes.)

 The blueberry pie wants to see the chef. This is what you will commonly hear in
restaurants, as waiters and waitresses refer to their customers by their orders,
providing yet another great example of metonymy
 Fox News has always maintained... Here Fox News is used is a collective term for its
team members.
Here are some examples of metonymy from J.K.
Rowling's "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone":
 "The owl, who had never ceased hooting, was still at it."
 Here, "the owl" is used as a metonym for a specific owl character, likely
Hedwig, and it represents the continuous hooting sound associated with
the owl.
 "The wand chooses the wizard, remember."
 In this statement, "the wand" is used as a metonym for the magical
properties and characteristics of wands. It represents the idea that the
magical tool selects its owner.
 "Hagrid, who had never heard the word Muggle before,
was asking about it."
 In this context, "Muggle" is used as a metonym for non-magical people.
The term represents the entire group of non-wizarding individuals
 Difference between Metaphor and
Metonymy

Metaphor Metonymy
Substitution
Association
condensation
displacement.
acts by suppressing
acts by combining
ideas.
the comparison is ideas
the comparison is
based on the
based on contiguity
similarities
 What is Synecdoche?
 Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a part of something is
used to represent the whole, or vice versa. It involves substituting
a specific part for the whole, or the whole for a specific part.
 Synecdoche is a form of metonymy, where one term is
substituted with another based on a close association.
 Synecdoche is commonly used in everyday language and
literature to create vivid imagery or to emphasize a particular
aspect of the whole. It is a form of figurative language that relies
on the audience's ability to understand the context and make the
connection between the part and the whole.
 There are two common types of synecdoche:

 Part for the Whole:

 This occurs when a specific part of something is used to
represent the whole entity.
 Example: "All hands on deck." Here, "hands" represent the
entire crew or people present on the ship.

 Whole for the Part:

 This occurs when the entire entity is used to represent a
specific part of it.
 Example: "The world watched as the events unfolded." In this
case, "the world" is used to represent people from around the
world.
 From Karakalpak Language

 1.Сары мурттың қамшыны силтеп үйренген қолы бул сапары да

қәте жиберген жоқ. ( И.Юсупов. Сейдан ғаррының геўиши).
 2. Жигитлик ҳәсери урған мурынның
Кеминде бир батпан шамалы болар. (И.Юсупов. Бултлар көп
түнеген асқар таүлардың).
 3. Сыншыл дүнья қосып талай басларды
Есап-шот қаққызып сынар досларды (И.Юсупов. Жигиттиң
соныңдай бир досты болсын)
 4. Донжуанлар кетер ақыйысып
Сайлап шаншып қәлем қаслысын. (И.Юсупов. Сулыўлар ҳәм
шайырлар)
 What is Irony?
 Irony is a literary or rhetorical device in which there is a
discrepancy between what is said and what is meant,
between appearance and reality, or between expectation and
outcome. It often involves a surprising or unexpected twist in
the meaning of words or events.
 Irony is such a case of interaction between logical and
contextual meanings when contextual meaning of the word
becomes the opposite of its logical meaning/ Irony is a
stylistic device based on the simultaneous realization of two
logical meanings – dictionary and contextual, but these two
meanings stand in opposition to each other.
 There are several types of irony:
 Verbal Irony:
 This occurs when a speaker says something but means the opposite. It's
often used for humor or emphasis.
 Example: Saying "What a beautiful day" during a heavy rainstorm.
 Situational Irony:
 This arises when there is a discrepancy between what is expected to
happen and what actually occurs.
 Example: A fire station burns down.
 Dramatic Irony:
 This occurs when the audience or readers are aware of something that the
characters in the story are not. It creates tension and suspense.
 Example: In a play, the audience knows that a character is in danger while
the character is unaware.
 And Irony …
 Irony may be expressed by any part of speech, most often by a
noun, adjective, adverb. Irony must not be confused with humour,
although they have very much in common.
 Humour always causes laughter. But the function of irony is not to
produce a humorous effect only.
 In some cases irony expresses a feeling of irritation, displeasure,
pity or regret.
 As Richard Altick says, “The effect of irony lies in the striking
disparity between what is said and what is meant”.
 This “ striking disparity” is achieved through the intentional
interplay of the two meanings, which are in opposition to each
other: Stoney smiled the sweet smile of an alligator
 A word used ironically may sometimes express very
subtle, almost imperceptible nuances of meaning:

 1. I like a parliamentary debate

Particularly when ‘ tis not too late. (Byron) - “ like”
gives only a slight hint of irony.
 2. I like the taxes, when they are not too many. (Byron) - “
like” is definitely ironical.

 You see. No one would be expected to like taxes. The attribute

phrase “when they are not too many” strengthens the irony.
 Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
by J.K. Rowling. Here are a few examples:
 1. «Verbal Irony:»
 - When Hagrid says, I'd be takin' Sirius his bike back. Be
grateful if yeh didn't mention I mentioned it.
 - The irony here lies in the fact that Hagrid asks Harry not to
mention that he mentioned something, which is a humorous
use of verbal irony.
 2. «Verbal Irony:»
 - When Harry first learns about Quidditch, he says, This is the
best game in the world! This can be seen as verbal irony, given
that Harry is just learning about the game and has had limited
exposure to other sports.
 «Situational Irony:»
 - The fact that the three-headed dog guarding the trapdoor leading
to the Philosopher's Stone is named Fluffy is somewhat situational
irony. The name Fluffy suggests a cute or harmless creature, creating
an ironic contrast with its role as a formidable guardian.

 «Dramatic Irony:»
 - There's dramatic irony throughout the book, particularly regarding
Harry's past and identity. Readers know more about Harry's
background and the events surrounding his parents than Harry
himself. The suspense and tension arise from this gap in knowledge
between the reader and the main character.
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