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RATIONALE OF THE STUDY.
 RATIONALE

1 : an explanation of controlling principles of opinion,

belief, practice, or phenomena
2 : an underlying reason : basis
In the context of research writing, a rationale pertains
to the reasons why the
-study must be conducted. Such justification is
provided by the researcher to
highlight the significant points of the problem to be
addressed in the study.
 RATIONALE OF THE STUDY

As a student-researcher, you have to

determine the sense of all the things you
plan to do in your proposed study.
Consider the following questions: Is there
a need to conduct a study about your
chosen research topic? Does it pose
asignificant research problem? Does it
matter to your academic discipline?
Research justification is considered as the
initial step in writing a research paper. This
step involves the skill on how the
researcher will provide the readers with
critical background or contextual
information that introduces the research
topic. Moreover, it needs to indicate the
reasons why the proposed research
actually matters. In doing so, the
researcher must be able to get the
 HOW TO WRITE THE RATIONALE OF
THE STUDY
1. Existing Literature
- a background on what researches have
already been done about the
given subject.
2. Relevance to Local/Global Context
- situational interconnectedness of
individuals or things in varying
perspectives.
 HOW TO WRITE THE RATIONALE OF
THE STUDY
3. Critical Background/Contextual Information
- circumstances forming a background of an
event, idea or subject, that enables the readers to
understand the nature of the problem.
4. Research Gap
 HOW TO WRITE THE RATIONALE OF
THE STUDY
5. Proof of Urgency
- an urgent need to solve the existing
problem.
6. Research Goal/Objective
- the purpose why there is a need for the
proposed study to be conducted.
 PRESENTING JUSTIFICATIONS

➢ Why is this research important?

➢ What real life or everyday problem, issue, or
question does the research
relate to?
➢ Can people relate to the problem in local or
global context?
➢ What benefit does the research promise?
➢ Are the units of analysis and observation clearly
identified?
➢ What was wrong or incomplete about prior efforts
already conducted?
➢ Does the research extend understanding of the
phenomena being
investigated?
➢ Does it elaborate or fill in the gaps in the present
knowledge?
➢ What is the research ultimately trying to achieve?
 The Educated Citizen: Cultural and Gender Capital in the Schooling of
Aetas’ Children in the Municipality of Janiuay
(Moralista & Delariarte, 2014)

Republic Act No. 8371 is an act to recognize, protect

and promote the rights of indigenous cultural
communities/indigenous peoples, created a National
Commission on Indigenous Peoples, established
implementing mechanisms, appropriated funds
therefore, and for other purposes (Enacted by the
Senate and House of Representatives of the
Philippines in Congress, 1997).This Act is known as
"The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997." The
Stateshall recognize and promote all the rights of
Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous Peoples
Toward these ends, the State shall institute and
establish the necessary mechanisms to enforce and
guarantee the realization of these rights, taking into
consideration their customs, traditions, values, beliefs,
interests and institutions, and to adopt and implement
measures to protect their rights to
their ancestral domains (Republic of the Philippines
Congress of the Philippines Third Regular Session. No.
1728; H. No. 9125, 1997). The State recognizes its
obligations to respond to the strong expression of the
ICCs/IPs for cultural integrity by assuring maximum
ICC/IP participation in the direction of education, health,
as well as other services of ICCs/IPs, in order to render
The UN Declaration of Human Rights especially on
education and the
1987 Constitution of the Republic the Philippines are
among the foundations on which this study was
anchored. As educators, the researchers are curious
about the plight of the Aetas, their hopes and how they
see education in relation to their own indigenous culture.
This study aims to understand the cultural practices of
Aetas’ children
in the Municipality of Janiuay; to investigate the gender
capital in the schooling of Etas’ children in the
Municipality of Janiuay; to determine the Aetas’ role in
preserving their cultural practices as influence.
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
 READ EACH STATEMENT CAREFULLY. WRITE T IF
THE STATEMENT IS TRUE, F IF OTHERWISE. WRITE
YOUR ANSWER ON YOUR NOTEBOOK

1. In writing scope and delimitation, you need to write

everything including the background of the study.
2. Scope and delimitation includes a brief discussion on
research method used.
3. There is a rigid format of writing scope and delimitation.
4. Scope and delimitation provides readers the whole
process of the research.
5. Research design is not declared on your scope and
delimitation.
6. Data analysis is declared on your scope and
delimitation.
7. Research local has to be disclosed in scope
and delimitation.
8. The population of the study is included on
scope and delimitation.
9. The researcher can be considered as an
instrument in data gathering.
10. Scope provides parameter, coverage and the
processes involve in research.
 READ EACH STATEMENT CAREFULLY. WRITE T IF
THE STATEMENT IS TRUE, F IF OTHERWISE. WRITE
YOUR ANSWER ON YOUR NOTEBOOK

1. In writing scope and delimitation, you need to write

everything including the background of the study. F
2. Scope and delimitation includes a brief discussion on
research method used. T
3. There is a rigid format of writing scope and delimitation. F
4. Scope and delimitation provides readers the whole process
of the research. T
5. Research design is not declared on your scope and
delimitation. F
6. Data analysis is declared on your scope and
delimitation.T
7. Research local has to be disclosed in scope
and delimitation.F
8. The population of the study is included on
scope and delimitation.T
9. The researcher can be considered as an
instrument in data gathering.T
10. Scope provides parameter, coverage and the
processes involve in research.T
Presenting the Examples of the lesson
and the Objective for the day
1.Discuss the concept of research
questions, scope and limitation of study;
2.Formulate research questions based on
the research title presented; and
3.Compare and contrast the word
limitation and limitation.
THIS ACTIVITY IS PICTIONARY. YOU WILL BE GIVEN
PICTURE CLUES TO IDENTIFY THE WORD BEING
ILLUSTRATED. WRITE YOUR ANSWERS ON YOUR
NOTEBOOK.
THIS ACTIVITY IS PICTIONARY. YOU WILL BE GIVEN
PICTURE CLUES TO IDENTIFY THE WORD BEING
ILLUSTRATED. WRITE YOUR ANSWERS ON YOUR
NOTEBOOK.

1. POPULATION
2. REASON
3. DELIMITATION
4. COVERAGE
5. SCOPE
DIRECTIONS: ARRANGE THE SCRAMBLED LETTERS TO FORM A
WORD AND GIVE YOUR OWN DEFINITION OF EACH WORD.
WRITE YOUR ANSWERS ON THE SPACE PROVIDED BEFORE THE
NUMBER.
1 U E Q S O I N T S
2. R C H A E S R E
3. T L E I T
4. B C A K R G O N D U
All forms and types of research undertakings have
boundaries. No study can be perpetual or can
exist infinitely in time. Such is the reason why
every researcher, even before he/she decides to
embark on an investigation, must already plan
and lay down the coverage or scope of his/her
study, as well as indicate the limits wherein which
he/she will work on. Doing so will keep him/her
from straying or moving away from his goal: solve
a problem, fill a gap or improve a situation
 CONTENT OF SCOPE AND
LIMITATION
In thesis writing, there is a specific part of it that
reveals, recognizes, shares and expresses the method
used, coverage, parameter, instruments, persons
involved and even the protocols to follow. This is
called, “scope and limitation”. As defined, it explains
the extent or parameter of research. Likewise, it
explores on the coverage, and processes involved in
the research (M. K. & Simon and Goes 2013).
Practically, it declares the choices that the researcher
carried out during the research process.
The Scope of study in the thesis or research paper is
the explanation of the coverage or what information or
subject is being analyzed. It may also refer to how far
the research area has explored the parameters
wherein which the study will be operating in. In
addition, the type of information to be included in
the research project, the facts and theories to be
cited, ALL from part of the study’s scope. Whereas the
delimitation of study is the detailed description of
the scope of study. It will explain why definite aspects
of a subject were chosen and why others were
excluded. It will also mention the research method to
be used as well as the certain theories that will be
Scope and limitation is an informative part of
your research. It is informative because it is to
where you declare the things you have to carry
out and follow through the course of research. I
am sure, you are wondering why there is a need
for us to declare all of these to our readers.
Likewise, you are puzzled what are the elements
of your research that are needed to be included?
Well, let us deal with them one by one. Let us
first dissect “scope and delimitation”.
The scope of study in the thesis or research
paper contains the explanation of what
information or subject is being analyzed. It
is followed by an explanation of the
limitation of the research. Research usually
limited in scope by sample size, time and
geographic area. While the delimitation of
study is the description of the scope of
study. It will explain why definite aspects of
a subject were chosen and why others were
excluded. It mentions the research method
DELIMITATIONS

 It involves the scope of a study. For

example, the scope may focus on
specific variables, specific participants,
specific sites, or narrowed to one type of
research design (e.g., ethnography or
experimental research).
LIMITATIONS

 It aims to identify potential weaknesses of

the study. For example, all statistical
procedures and research strategies, such as
surveys or grounded theory studies have
limitations. In introductory discussions about
these strategies, authors typically mention
both their strengths and their weaknesses
(Fatatado, 2016).
When we talk about the scope of research, it
commonly refers to the depth your research area or
parameters. This includes restriction of the target
population, research local, specified duration, design,
procedure, and instrument used.
1. Population –According to Majid (2018), this stands
for the entire pool from
which the sample is drawn.
Consider these examples:
a. Schools operating in Bataan (Private and Public)
b. Senior High School Students of a School
c. Grade 10 Students in a School Division
d. Tricycle Drivers operating in a Barangay
2. Research Locale – It refers to the particular
location where the study is conducted.
Consider these examples:
Lamao National High School Schools Division of
Bataan
Dinalupihan Region III – Central Luzon
Pampanga Balanga City
Limay Senior High School University of the
Assumption
Barangay St. Francis II Bataan Peninsula State
University
3.Specific Duration. This stands for the exclusive time
frame when the research is conducted.
Consider these examples:
May 20 to 22 2020
School Year 2020 to 2021
From 2015 to 2020
From January 2020 to May 20202
Research Method – This refers to the
systematic plan for conducting research
which includes strategies, process,
techniques, and procedures for collecting and
analyzing data (MacDonald and Headlam
2008). Here are the four (4) mostcommonly
used qualitative designs that you can use.
5. Protocols Followed. This refers to the standard procedure,
system, or rules that you follow in gathering data. It can be
the permission in the conduct of the study, communication
letter to the respondents, or agreement on the conduct of
interview.
6. Data Gathering Procedure. This refers to the step-by-step
procedures that you employ before and during the data
gathering.
7. Instrument. These are measurement devices that you use
in your research. It can be in a form of test, survey,
questionnaire, and the like. However, in
qualitative research, you as the researcher is the instrument,
and your
interview guide serve as a tool in gathering the data
(Bahrami, Soleimani,
On the other hand when we talk about delimitation, it
refers to choices made by researcher that serves as
boundary (Simon 2011). This includes research
objectives,
questions, variables, theoretical objectives you
adopted, target samples, and justifications that limits
the scope of the study. Commonly, research
objectives, and description of variables are
mentioned while research questions are just reflected
on the set objectives. Variable are also explained and
declared, as well as to the theoretical objectives of
the study. On the other hand, sampling method,
target sample size, and justifications in choosing the
 EXAMPLE

 This study focused only on the writing proficiency level

of students in English in terms of grammar, which
included subject-verb agreement, verbs/tenses of verbs,
adjectives, adverb, and pronoun; mechanics of writing
that entailed capitalization, punctuation and spelling;
and organization, which involved unity, completeness,
coherence and order. The Grade 11 HUMSS students of
Koronadal National Comprehensive High School enrolled
in the School Year 2018-2019 were the respondents of
the study. The researcher’s validated questionnaire was
used to assess learners’ writing proficiency level. Only
the least learned area of writing was addressed using
 SAMPLE SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS

 The main focus of this project was the design of an efficient

Energy Recovery System of Seawater Reverse Osmosis Plant.
The system will be using pressure technology by application
of pressure exchanger as an energy recovery device. Pressure
exchanger transfer pressure from a high-pressure stream to
slow pressure stream in a ceramic motor. The proposed
system is limited only in reducing high power consumption of
the high-pressure pump. The project can be used in all
existing Seawater Reverse Osmosis Plant in the Philippines.
Some calculations, assumptions, and selections were made as
a consideration of a proper and realistic design (Creswell,
2012).
LET US HELP BOK IN ORGANIZING HIS SCOPE AND DELIMITATION BY CATEGORIZING THE IDEA
HE
IS THINKING. WRITE WHETHER IT IS OBJECTIVE, POPULATION, SAMPLING, RESEARCH LOCALE,
SPECIFIC DURATION, RESEARCH METHOD, PROTOCOLS FOLLOWED, DATA GATHERING
PROCEDURE,
INSTRUMENT, OR DATA ANALYSIS. WRITE YOUR ANSWERS ON YOUR NOTEBOOK.
LET US HELP BOK IN ORGANIZING HIS SCOPE AND DELIMITATION BY CATEGORIZING THE IDEA
HE
IS THINKING. WRITE WHETHER IT IS OBJECTIVE, POPULATION, SAMPLING, RESEARCH LOCALE,
SPECIFIC DURATION, RESEARCH METHOD, PROTOCOLS FOLLOWED, DATA GATHERING
PROCEDURE,
INSTRUMENT, OR DATA ANALYSIS. WRITE YOUR ANSWERS ON YOUR NOTEBOOK.

1. Research Instrument
2. Specific Duration
3. Population
4. Objective
5. Specific Duration
6. sampling
7. population
8. method
 WRITING SCOPE AND
DELIMITATION
You need to remember that scope and
delimitation is one of the blueprint of your
research. It needs to be synchronized with the
research gap you have established in the
introduction and has to be paralleled with the
research objectives and questions you have
formulated. Later in your methodology, it has to
be harmonized with the processes you will be
declaring. In writing this, you just need to be
precise and logical. Meaning to say, you need to
justify the information you will include on your
 Writing scope and delimitation does not require
you extraordinary skills in writing. You just need to
have a clear picture on how you are going to do your
research. Most probably, if you happened to read
other researches, you would notice they have
different ways of formulating it. Some begin with the
methods of research and end with the instrument,
others start with research locale and end with the
declaration of the protocols followed. However, one
thing is common among them, their content
are the same. Therefore, this implies that there is no
prescribed way of making it. As long as the
necessary elements are declared and briefly
Commonly, scope and delimitation is written
in three (3) paragraphs. The first paragraph
contains methods, research design, research
locale, time duration, population, sampling
and class size. The second paragraph
includes the instrument
used, validation and protocols followed in the
conduct of the study. The last paragraph is
the declaration of data gathering and
analysis. It is important that you need to
provide proper justifications of the elements
you will be using. It is done
Before writing the first paragraph, it is advised
that you must perform brainstorming of what
you are going to write. Brainstorming is just
simply writing down what comes to your mind.
But this time, let us perform brainstorming by
answering some question. Now, let us beginwith
the first paragraph. Remember that the first
paragraph contains methods, research design,
research locale, time duration, population,
sampling and class size.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
STUDY
Determine whether the following questions serve as
important considerations
in writing the significance of the study. Draw if it is,
and if it is not.
Write your answers on your notebook.
__________ 1. What valuable contribution will my study
make to the field?
__________ 2. Why should my study be conducted and
published?
__________ 3. What is the time frame for my study?
__________ 4. Who will benefit from my study?
__________ 5. How will the data be collected and
analyzed?
__________ 6. How will the research
participants be chosen?
__________ 7. What are the benefits that can
be gained from my study?
__________ 8. Will my study lead to new
discoveries?
__________ 9. What are the limitations of my
study?
__________ 10. How will the specific audience
benefit from the findings?
WHAT COMES TO YOUR MIND WHEN YOU SEE THE
DIFFERENT ILLUSTRATIONS BELOW? DO YOU HAVE
ANY IDEA ABOUT THEM? CAN YOU RELATE TO
THEM?
Well, you’re right! Those are just some of
the topics that researchers explore using
different types of qualitative research.
Undeniably, research caters avariety of
functions and contributes to the most
important aspects of society like
education, communication, health,
economy, business and scientific
progress. Thus, you need to know the
significance of your proposed study and
 Cristobal and Cristobal (2017) states that
research is a very noble undertaking if it makes
significant contributions to the community and
to the academic field or discipline where the
researcher is affiliated with.
This is basically the reason why the researcher
needs to determine the relevance of their study.
It should apparently identify the purpose that
the research will serve and how it will contribute
to the society, the country, the government, the
institution or agency concerned, and the
research community.
 Under this section of the research
paper, the researcher must be able to
present the valuable contribution of the
study to a particular body of knowledge or
area of specialization. As Cristobal and
Cristobal (2017) noted, it could be in the
form of a new knowledge in the field,
analysis of trends over time, validation of
other findings using different
methodologies, confirmation of the major
After identifying the general significance of
the study, the researcher also has to
determine the beneficiaries who will
directly gain from the results of the study.
They may be classified as academic or non-
academic. Academic beneficiaries may
include educational staff, teachers,
students and researchers, while non-
academic beneficiaries may
include stakeholders, policymakers,
agencies and organizations. They should be
Moreover, the researcher needs to cite the
particular benefits that the beneficiaries will
gain from the study. They refer to all
advantages to be
obtained by those directly involved especially
the researchers and research users. All of
which can be manifested as demonstrable
contribution of the said research to the
specialized field or to the
community. Such benefits may be classified as
educational, professional and personal as
shown in the table on the following page.
EXAMPLE
THE STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM
For every problem, there would be an answer.
And for every answer, there could be a
question. A problem without a clear question
in mind is like you are seeking for an answer
in a directionless manner. Hence, as a
student-researcher, you must remember that
establishing research questions may guide
you in your quest to address some academic
issues. Remember that these questions may
serve as your compass as if you were
ANTHONY AND JESSICA ARE PLANNING TO REPAIR
THEIR HOUSE. WHAT DO YOU THINK SHOULD
BE THE NECESSARY TOOLS THEY WILL BE NEEDING?
Similar to a house which requires
appropriate tools in order to be repaired, a
research problem also demands
appropriate research questions in order to
be answered. As a starting student-
researcher, you must recognize that one of
the keys to a successful research study is
by concretizing the problem through
carefully crafting its research questions.
Hence, your understanding towards the
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

well-defined problem is commonly

pertained to the “Statement of the
Problem.” Stating clearly the problem can
make the vagueness of the study be
clarified. Further, this section allows the
researcher to present other essential
elements of research undertaking such
as the major variables, objectives, and
 WRITING THE PROBLEM STATEMENT
IN A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

In formulating the problem statement in

a research paper, there are two types of
problems which should be considered.
These are the general problem and the
specific problems.
General problem pertains to the opening
paragraph that gives specific details on other
essential elements which are the purpose,
major variables, participants, setting, and
time coverage of the study. The said
elements serve as a guide in order to
properly formulate the general problem.
Cristobal and Cristobal (2017) from their
book Practical Research 1 for Senior High
1. The general problem should clearly state the
main task/s of the researcher.
2. The general problem should present the major
variable/s related to the phenomenon to be
investigated.
3. The general problem should identify the
participants of the study.