Department of CSE

Introduction to Java
Based on Appendix A of text
(Anita P.Jaware)
 Topics of the Review
• Essentials of object-oriented programming, in
Java
• Java primitive data types, control structures, and
arrays
• Using some predefined classes:
• Math
• JOptionPane, I/O streams
• String, StringBuffer, StringBuilder
• StringTokenizer
• Writing and documenting your own Java classes
Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)
 Some Salient
• Characteristics
Java is platform oftheJava
independent: same program
can run on any correctly implemented Java system
• Java is object-oriented:
• Structured in terms of classes, which group data with
operations on that data
• Can construct new classes by extending existing ones
• Java designed as
• A core language plus
• A rich collection of commonly available packages
• Java can be embedded in Web pages
Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)
 Java Processing and
• Begin with Java Execution
source code in text files:
Model.java
• A Java source code compiler produces Java byte
code
• Outputs one file per class: Model.class
• May be standalone or part of an IDE
• A Java Virtual Machine loads and executes class
files
• May compile them to native code (e.g., x86) internally

Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)

 Compiling and Executing a
Java Program

Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)

 Classes
• The class is the unit and Objects
of programming
• A Java program is a collection of classes
• Each class definition (usually) in its own .java file
• The file name must match the class name
• A class describes objects (instances)
• Describes their common characteristics: is a blueprint
• Thus all the instances have these same characteristics
• These characteristics are:
• Data fields for each object
• Methods (operations) that do work on the objects
Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)
 Grouping Classes: The
Java API
• API = Application Programming Interface
• Java = small core + extensive collection of
packages
• A package consists of some related Java classes:
• Swing: a GUI (graphical user interface) package
• AWT: Application Window Toolkit (more GUI)
• util: utility data structures (important to CS 187!)
• The import statement tells the compiler to make
available classes and methods of another package
• A main method indicates where to begin executing
a class (if it is designed to be run as a program)
Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)
 A Little Example of import
and main
import javax.swing.*;
// all classes from javax.swing
public class HelloWorld { // starts a
class
public static void main (String[] args) {
// starts a main method
// in: array of String; out: none (void)
}
}
 public = can be seen from any package
 static = not “part of” an object
Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)
 Processing and Running
HelloWorld
• javac HelloWorld.java
• Produces HelloWorld.class (byte code)
• java HelloWorld
• Starts the JVM and runs the main method

Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)

 References and Primitive
Data Types
• Java distinguishes two kinds of entities
• Primitive types
• Objects
• Primitive-type data is stored in primitive-
type variables
• Reference variables store the address of an
object
• No notion of “object (physically) in the stack”
• No notion of “object (physically) within an object”
Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)
 Primitive Data Types

• Represent numbers, characters,

boolean values
• Integers: byte, short, int, and long
• Real numbers: float and double
• Characters: char

Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)

 Primitive Data Types
Data type Range of values

byte -128 .. 127 (8 bits)

short -32,768 .. 32,767 (16 bits)
int -2,147,483,648 .. 2,147,483,647 (32 bits)
long -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 .. ... (64 bits)
float +/-10-38 to +/-10+38 and 0, about 6 digits precision
double +/-10-308 to +/-10+308 and 0, about 15 digits precision
char Unicode characters (generally 16 bits per char)
boolean True or false
Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware
(C.O.E.T.Akola)
 Primitive Data Types
(continued)

Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)

 Operators
1. subscript [ ], call ( ), member access .
2. pre/post-increment ++ --, boolean complement !,
bitwise complement ~, unary + -, type cast
(type), object creation new
3. * / %
4. binary + - (+ also concatenates strings)
5. signed shift << >>, unsigned shift >>>
6. comparison < <= > >=, class test instanceof
7. equality comparison == !=
8. bitwise and &
9. bitwise or |
Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)
 Operators

11.logical (sequential) and &&

12.logical (sequential) or ||
13.conditional cond ? true-expr :
false-expr
14.assignment =, compound assignment
+= -= *= /= <<= >>= >>>= &= |=

Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)

 Type Compatibility and
Conversion
• Widening conversion:
• In operations on mixed-type operands, the
numeric type of the smaller range is converted
to the numeric type of the larger range
• In an assignment, a numeric type of smaller
range can be assigned to a numeric type of
larger range
• byte to short to int to long
• int kind to float to double
Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)
 Declaring and Setting
Variables
• int square;
square = n * n;
• double cube = n * (double)square;
• Can generally declare local variables where
they are initialized
• All variables get a safe initial value anyway
(zero/null)

Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)

 Referencing and Creating
Objects
• You can declare reference variables
• They reference objects of specified types
• Two reference variables can reference the
same object
• The new operator creates an instance of a class
• A constructor executes when a new object is
created
• Example: String greeting = ″hello″;
Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)
 Java Control Statements

• A group of statements executed in order

is written
• { stmt1; stmt2; ...; stmtN; }
• The statements execute in the order 1,
2, ..., N
• Control statements alter this sequential
flow of execution

Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)

 Java Control Statements
(continued)

Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)

 Java Control Statements
(continued)

Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)

 Methods
• A Java method defines a group of statements as
performing a particular operation
• static indicates a static or class method
• A method that is not static is an instance
method
• All method arguments are call-by-value
• Primitive type: value is passed to the method
• Method may modify local copy but will not affect
caller’s value
• Object reference: address of object is passed
• Change to reference variable does not affect caller
• But operations can affect the object, visible to caller
Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)
 The Class Math

Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)

 Escape Sequences

• An escape sequence is a sequence of

two characters beginning with the
character \
• A way to represents special
characters/symbols

Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)

 The String Class

• The String class defines a data type

that is used to store a sequence of
characters
• You cannot modify a String object
• If you attempt to do so, Java will create a
new object that contains the modified
character sequence

Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)

 Comparing Objects
• You can’t use the relational or
equality operators to compare the
values stored in strings (or other
objects)
(You will compare the pointers, not the objects!)

Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)

 The StringBuffer
• Class
Stores character sequences. Unlike a
String object, you can change the
contents of a StringBuffer object

Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)

 String Tokenizer Class
• We often need to process individual
pieces, or tokens, of a String

Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)

 Wrapper Classes for
Primitive Types
• Sometimes we need to process
primitive-type data as objects
• Java provides a set of classes called
wrapper classes whose objects contain
primitive-type values: Float, Double,
Integer, Boolean, Character, etc.

Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)

 Defining Your Own Classes
(continued)
• The modifier private limits access to just this class
• Only class members with public visibility can be
accessed outside of the class* (* but see
protected)
• Constructors initialize the data fields of an instance

Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)

 The Person Class
// we have omitted javadoc to save space
public class Person {
private String givenName;
private String familyName;
private String IDNumber;
private int birthYear;

private static final int VOTE_AGE = 18;

private static final int SENIOR_AGE = 65;
...
Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)
 The Person Class (2)
// constructors: fill in new objects
public Person(String first, String family,
String ID, int birth) {
this.givenName = first;
this.familyName = family;
this.IDNumber = ID;
this.birthYear = birth;
}
public Person (String ID) {
this.IDNumber = ID;
}
Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)
 The Person Class (3)
// modifier and accessor for givenName
public void setGivenName (String given) {
this.givenName = given;
}

public String getGivenName () {

return this.givenName;
}
Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)
 The Person Class (4)
// more interesting methods ...
public int age (int inYear) {
return inYear – birthYear;
}
public boolean canVote (int inYear) {
int theAge = age(inYear);
return theAge >= VOTE_AGE;
}
Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)
//
The Person
“printing” a Person
Class (5)
public String toString () {
return “Given name: “ + givenName + “\n”
+ “Family name: “ + familyName + “\n”
+ “ID number: “ + IDNumber + “\n”
+ “Year of birth: “ + birthYear + “\n”;
}

Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)

 The Person Class (6)

// same Person?
public boolean equals (Person per) {
return (per == null) ? false :

this.IDNumber.equals(per.IDNumber);
}

Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)

 Arrays
• In Java, an array is also an object
• The elements are indexes and are
referenced using the form
arrayvar[subscript]

Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)

 Array Example
float grades[] = new float[numStudents];
... grades[student] = something; ...

float total = 0.0;

for (int i = 0; i < grades.length; ++i) {
total += grades[i];
}
System.out.printf(“Average = %6.2f%n”,
total / numStudents);

Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)

Array Example Variations
// possibly more efficient
for (int i = grades.length; --i >= 0; ) {
total += grades[i];
}

// uses Java 5.0 “for each” looping

for (float grade : grades) {
total += grade;
}

Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)

 Input/Output using Class
JOptionPane
• Java 1.2 and higher provide class
JOptionPane, which facilitates display
• Dialog windows for input
• Message windows for output

Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)

 Input/Output using Class
JOptionPane (continued)

Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)

Converting Numeric Strings
to Numbers
• A dialog window always returns a
reference to a String
• Therefore, a conversion is required,
using static methods of class String:

Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)

 Input/Output using
Streams
• An InputStream is a sequence of
characters representing program input
data
• An OutputStream is a sequence of
characters representing program output
• The console keyboard stream is System.in
• The console window is associated with
System.out
Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)
 Opening and Using Files:
Reading Input
import java.io.*;
public static void main (String[] args) {
// open an input stream (**exceptions!)
BufferedReader rdr =
new BufferedReader(
new FileReader(args[0]));
// read a line of input
String line = rdr.readLine();
// see if at end of file
if (line == null) { ... }
Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)
 Opening and Using Files:
Reading Input (2)
// using input with StringTokenizer
StringTokenizer sTok =
new StringTokenizer (line);
while (sTok.hasMoreElements()) {
String token = sTok.nextToken();
...;
}
// when done, always close a stream/reader
rdr.close();

Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)

 Alternate Ways to Split a
String
• Use the split method of String:
String[] = s.split(“\\s”);
// see class Pattern in java.util.regex
• Use a StreamTokenizer (in java.io)

Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)

 Opening and Using Files:
Writing Output
// open a print stream (**exceptions!)
PrintStream ps = new PrintStream(args[0]);
// ways to write output
ps.print(“Hello”); // a string
ps.print(i+3); // an integer
ps.println(“ and goodbye.”); // with NL
ps.printf(“%2d %12d%n”, i, 1<<i); // like C
ps.format(“%2d %12d%n”, i, 1<<i); // same
// closing output streams is very
important!
ps.close();
Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)
 Summary of the Review
• A Java program is a collection of classes
• The JVM approach enables a Java program written
on one machine to execute on any other machine
that has a JVM
• Java defines a set of primitive data types that are
used to represent numbers, characters, and boolean
data
• The control structures of Java are similar to those
found in other languages
• The Java String and StringBuffer classes are used
to reference objects that store character strings
Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)
 Chapter Review
(continued)
• Be sure to use methods such as equals and
compareTo to compare the contents of String objects
• You can declare your own Java classes and create
objects of these classes using the new operator
• A class has data fields and instance methods
• Array variables can reference array objects
• Class JOptionPane can be used to display dialog
windows for data entry and message windows for
output
• The stream classes in package java.io read strings
from the console and display strings to the console,
and also support file I/O
Developed By Prof.A.P.Jaware (C.O.E.T.Akola)