INERNET

Prof. Shabbir
Internet concept
◦The Internet is a vast network of interconnected computers and devices that communicate with each other
using standardized protocols.
◦ It enables the sharing of information and resources across the globe.
◦key concepts related to the Internet:
◦1. Network of Networks: The Internet is often described as a "network of networks," meaning it is made up of
numerous smaller networks that connect to one another.
◦ This includes local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and more.
◦2. Protocols: Communication over the Internet relies on protocols, which are rules that determine how data is
transmitted.
◦The most important protocols are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP),
collectively known as TCP/IP. These protocols manage the sending and receiving of data packets.
Internet concept
◦3. IP Address: Every device on the Internet has a unique identifier known as an IP address
(Internet Protocol address). This address allows devices to locate and communicate with one
another.
◦4. Domain Names: To make the Internet more user-friendly, IP addresses are often replaced
with domain names (like www.example.com). The Domain Name System (DNS) translates these
domain names into IP addresses.
◦5. Web and Other Services: The World Wide Web (WWW) is a prominent service that
operates over the Internet, consisting of millions of websites and online content accessible
through web browsers. Other services include email, file sharing, streaming, and online gaming.
Internet concept
◦6. Internet Infrastructure: The physical infrastructure of the Internet includes servers,
routers, switches, and cables that facilitate data transmission. This infrastructure is
maintained by various organizations, including internet service providers (ISPs).
◦7. Decentralization: One of the defining features of the Internet is its decentralized nature.
No single entity owns or controls the entire Internet, which contributes to its resilience and
adaptability.
◦8. Access and Connectivity: Users access the Internet through devices like computers,
smartphones, and tablets, using different connection methods, such as broadband, fiber
optics, satellite, or cellular networks.
Internet concept
◦9. Impact on Society: The Internet has transformed
communication, commerce, education, and entertainment,
creating new opportunities and challenges. It has facilitated global
connectivity but also raised concerns about privacy, security, and
digital divide issues.
◦overall, the Internet is a complex and dynamic system that plays a
crucial role in modern society, enabling instant access to information
and connecting billions of people worldwide.
LAN
◦LAN (Local Area Network) and WAN (Wide Area Network) are both types of networks that facilitate
communication and resource sharing among devices, but they differ significantly in scope, size, and
purpose. Here’s an explanation of each:
◦ Local Area Network (LAN)
◦1. Definition: A LAN is a network that connects computers and devices within a limited geographical
area, such as a single building, a home, or a campus.
◦2. Scope: Typically covers a small geographic area, usually up to a few kilometers.
◦3. Ownership: LANs are usually owned, controlled, and managed by a single organization or individual.
◦4. Speed: LANs typically offer high data transfer speeds, often ranging from 100 Mbps to several Gbps,
allowing for quick data transmission between connected devices.
LAN
◦5. Technology: Common technologies used in LANs include Ethernet, Wi-Fi (wireless LAN), and token
ring. Ethernet is the most widely used standard for wired LANs.
◦
◦6. Purpose: LANs are used to connect computers and devices within a specific area for resource sharing
(like files and printers), application sharing, and communication (such as messaging and video
conferencing).
◦
◦7. Components: Key components of a LAN include switches, routers, access points, and network cabling
(for wired connections).
Wide Area Network (WAN)

1. Definition: A WAN is a network that covers a large geographical area, often spanning countries or
continents. It connects multiple LANs and other types of networks.

2. Scope: Can cover vast distances, typically ranging from several kilometers to thousands of kilometers.

3. Ownership: WANs are usually not owned by a single organization; instead, they are established and
maintained by telecommunications companies or service providers.
Wide Area Network (WAN)

4. Speed: WANs generally have lower data transfer speeds compared to LANs, often measured in Mbps or
lower, depending on the technology used and the distance involved. Latency can also be higher because of
the geographic distances.
5. Technology: WANs use various technologies for data transmission, including leased lines, fiber optic
cables, satellite links, and MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching). The Internet itself is often considered the
largest WAN.
6. Purpose: WANs are designed to connect distant LANs and allow users to communicate or share
resources that are geographically separated. They enable businesses to operate across multiple locations
and provide access to centralized data or applications.
7. Components: Key components of a WAN include routers, switches, and transmission media, along with
network protocols that facilitate communication between disparate networks.
Summary
◦ LANs are localized networks suitable for small areas with high-speed connections, ideal for facilitating
communication and resource sharing among closely situated devices. In contrast, WANs connect larger,
geographically dispersed networks, enabling communication over long distances. Both types of
networks play essential roles in the broader framework of networking and the Internet.
Feature LAN (Local Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Definition A network that connects computers and A network that connects multiple LANs
devices in a limited geographical area. over large geographical distances.

Geographical Scope Limited to a small area (e.g., a home, Spans large distances, potentially across
office, or campus). cities, countries, or continents.

Ownership Typically owned and managed by a Usually owned and managed by multiple
single organization or individual. organizations or telecommunications
providers.

Data Transfer Speed High speeds (typically 100 Mbps to Generally lower speeds (often in Mbps),
several Gbps). with higher latency.
Technologies Used Common technologies include Ethernet, Technologies include leased lines, fiber
Wi-Fi (wireless LAN), etc. optics, satellite, MPLS, etc.

Installation and Setup Easier and less costly to set up and More complex and expensive to set up
maintain. and maintain.
Purpose Facilitates sharing of resources (files, Connects distant organizations or
printers, etc.) within a localized area. branches, allowing for centralized
communication and resource sharing.

Examples Home networks, office networks, school The Internet, corporate networks
networks. spanning multiple locations.
The OSI (Open Systems
Interconnection)
◦ The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework used to understand and
standardize the processes involved in networking and data communication across different systems and
devices. Developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in the late 1970s, the OSI
model divides network communication into seven distinct layers, with each layer serving a specific
function.
The OSI (Open Systems
Interconnection)
◦The Seven Layers of the OSI Model

1. Physical Layer (Layer 1):

o Function: Deals with the physical connection between devices and the transmission of raw bitstreams over the physical medium (cables, switches, etc.).

o Examples: Cables (Ethernet, fiber optics), network interface cards (NICs), and physical signaling standards.

2. Data Link Layer (Layer 2):

o Function: Provides node-to-node data transfer and handles error detection and correction, framing, and access controls for the physical layer.

o Examples: Ethernet protocol, MAC (Media Access Control) addressing, and switches.

3. Network Layer (Layer 3):

o Function: Responsible for routing data from the source to the destination across multiple networks. It manages logical addressing and determines the best path
for data transmission.

o Examples: Internet Protocol (IP), routers, and IP addressing.

o Function: Ensures reliable data transfer between host systems. It provides flow control, error recovery, and segmentation of data into packets.

o Examples: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

2. Session Layer (Layer 5):

o Function: Manages sessions or connections between applications. It establishes, maintains, and terminates communication sessions.

o Examples: Session establishment protocols such as SQL and RPC (Remote Procedure Call).

3. Presentation Layer (Layer 6):

o Function: Translates data between the application and the network format. It is responsible for data encoding, encryption, and compression.

o Examples: Data format translation (such as from ASCII to EBCDIC), SSL (Secure Sockets Layer), and image formatting.
The OSI (Open Systems
Interconnection)
1. Application Layer (Layer 7):

o Function: The closest layer to the end-user, it interfaces directly with application software. It provides various protocols for specific data communications related
to specific applications.

o Examples: HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol), FTP (File Transfer Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), and DNS (Domain Name System).
Summary-osi
1.In summary, the OSI model serves as a
foundational guide for understanding how
different networking components interact. By
breaking down the networking process into
seven layers, it allows for clarity and
organization in networking design,
implementation, and troubleshooting.