PRESENTATIO
N ON
Submitted By
Asst. Prof. Deepika P. Palai
GIET COLLEGE, GANGHAPATNA
Introduction
Water treatment is the process ofwater suitable
making acceptable for an end-use. or
It removes existing water contaminants and so reduces their
concentration that the water becomes fit for its desired
application.
The amount & type of treatment process (Treatment Train )
depends upon quality of raw water and various standards
required after treatment.
Objectives of water treatment
The objectives of water treatment are to
produce:
Water that is safe for human consumption
Water that is appealing aesthetically to the
consumer
Water at a reasonable cost
Indian Standards for drinking water
Raw
water
Screenin Filtratio
g n sludg
sludg e
e
Alum Coagulatio Cl2 Disinfectio
n n
Flocculatio Storag
n e
Sedimentati Distributio
sludg
on e n
7
Functions of Water Treatment Units
Selection of treatment process-Train
The types of treatment required for different sources are given in
the
following table:
Removes large solids
logs branches rags
fish
Simple process
may incorporate a
mechanized trash
removal system
Protects pumps and
pipes in Water
Treatment Plants
Plain Sedimentation
Sedimentation is the removal of suspended
particles by gravitational settling.
Types of Sedimentation Tanks
1) Fill AndDraw Type
2) Continuous Flow type
Shape of sedimentation tank
1. Rectangular
tank with
horizontal flow.
2. Circular tank
with radial
or spiral
flow.
3. Hopper bottom
tank with
vertical flow.
SEDIMENTATIO
NWater flows to a tank called a
sedimentation basin
Gravity causes the flocs to settle to the
bottom
It would take a very long time for all
particles to settle out and that would
mean we would need a very large
sedimentation basin.
1
Sedimentation aided with
coagulation
Sedimentation added with comprises of three
step
Addition of measured quantity of chemicals called
coagulants to water and their through mixing ( rapid
mixing ).
Formation of precipitate which coagulates and forms a
flow ( flocculation )
Sedimentation
Coagulants
Aluminum Sulfate Al2(SO4)3
Ferrous Sulfate FeSO4
Ferric Sulfate Fe2(SO4)3
Ferric Chloride FeCl3
Lime Ca(OH)2
Aluminum salts are cheaper but
iron salts are more effective over
wider pH range
1
Aeration Unit
Work : Diffusion of Air
Removes odour and tastes
Oxidizes iron and manganese, increases dissolved oxygen content in
water, removes CO2 and reduces corrosion and removes methane and
other flammable gases.
Types of Aerators
1. Gravity aerators
2. Fountain aerators
3. Diffused aerators
4. Mechanical aerators.
Aeration Unit
Gravity Aerators (Cascades): In gravity aerators,
water is allowed to fall by gravity such that a large area
of water is exposed to atmosphere, sometimes aided
by turbulence.
Aeration Unit
Injection or Diffused Aerators :
It
consists of a tank with perforated
pipes, tubes or diffuser plates, fixed
at the bottom to release fine air
bubbles from compressor unit. Time
of aeration is 10 to 30 min and 0.2
to
0.4 litres of air is required for 1 litre
Aeration Unit
Fountain Aerators : These are also known as spray
aerators with special nozzles to produce a fine spray. Each
nozzle is 2.5 to 4 cm diameter discharging about 18 to 36
l/h. Nozzle spacing should be such that each m3 of water
has aerator area of 0.03 to 0.09 m2 for one hour.
Aeration Unit
Mechanical Aerators : paddles as
flocculation are Mixing may be
used.
submerged or at the Paddles in
surface. either
Types of Mixing Devices
Mixings basins with baffle
walls
`
Mixing Basins Equipped with Mechanical devicies
Flocculation
Flocculation is a slow mixing or agitating process in which
the destablished colloidal particles are brought into
intimate contact in order to promote the floc formation .
Rate of flocculation depends upon
Types and amount of turbidity
Types of coagulant
Dosages of coagulant
Mean velocity gradient in basin
Clariflocculator
Clarifier and flocculator are provided in single unit
called clariflocculator.
The flocculating chamber is provided in the centre
and clarifier component is formed by the peripheral
space.
Velocity of flow of water around 0.3 m/min.
Mechanical scrapper provided to remove sludge.
Filtration
The process of passing the water through the beds of
such granular material is known as filteraton
Types of Filtration
Slow sand gravity filter
Rapid sand gravity filter
1. Rapid sand gravity filter
2. Pressure filter
Method of disinfection
Physical method
By heat
By U.V. rays
Chemical method
Oxidizing chemicals
Metal ions
Alkalis and acids
Minor method
Boiling of water
Treatment with
excess lime
Treatment with
ozone
Treatment with iodine and bromine
Treatment with ultra-violet rays
Water softening
Water is said to be hard when it contains relatively large
amounts of bicarbonates, carbonates, sulphates and
chlorides of calcium and magnesium dissolved in it.
Types of Hardness
Temporary hardness
Permanent hardness
Types of Hardness
Temporary Hardness- caused by dissolved
bicarbonates of Ca and
Mg.
-AKA ‘alkaline or carbonate
hardness’
Permanent Hardness – caused by dissolved
chlorides and sulphates of Ca, Mg, Fe and Al
etc.
Removal of Hardness
Removal of temporary hardness
1.Boiling
2. By adding lime
Removal of temporary hardness
1.Lime-soda process
2. Zeolite process
3. Demineralization or De-ionization
process
Disinfection
The filtered water may
normally contain some
harmful disease producing
bacteria in it.
These bacteria must be
killed in order to make the
water safe for drinking.
The process of killing these
bacteria is known as
Disinfection or
Sterilization.
Methods of Disinfection
Boiling: The bacteria present in water can be destroyed by boiling it for a long
time. However it is not.
Treatment with Excess Lime: Lime is used in water treatment plant for
softening. But if excess lime is added to the water, it can in addition, kill the
bacteria also. Treatment like recarbonation for lime removal should be used
after disinfection.
Treatment with Ozone: Ozone readily breaks down into normal oxygen, and
releases nascent oxygen. The nascent oxygen is a powerful oxidizing agent
and removes the organic matter as well as the bacteria from the water.
Chlorination : The germicidal action of chlorine is explained by the recent
theory of Enzymatic hypothesis, according to which the chlorine enters the
cell walls of bacteria and kill the enzymes which are essential for the
metabolic processes of living organisms.
