Unit-III

Three Phase Induction

Motor
 The three phase induction motors are the most widely used electric
motors in industry.
 The working principle of three phase induction is based on the
production of rotating magnetic field.
 Like any electric motor, a 3 phase motor has stator and a rotor.

Advantages
 It has simple and rugged construction
 It relatively cheap
 It requires little maintenance
 It has high efficiency and reasonably good power factor.
 It has self starting torque.

Disadvantages
 It is essentially a constant speed motor and its speed cannot be
changed easily.
 Its starting torque is inferior to dc shunt motor.
Constructional details of 3 phase induction motor

• A 3 phase motor has two main parts (i) Stator and (ii) Rotor

• The part (i.e.) 3 phase windings, which is stationary called stator.

• The part which rotates and is connected to the mechanical load

through shaft called rotor.

• The rotor is separated from the stator, by a small airgap which

ranges from 0.4 to 4 mm depending on the power of the motor.

• The conversion of electrical power to mechanical power takes

place in a rotor. Hence rotor develops a driving torque and
rotates.
 Stator
• The stator has a laminated type of construction
made up of stampings which are 0.4 to 0.5 mm
thick.

• Thin laminations of silicon steel to reduce hysteresis

and eddy current losses.

• The stampings are insulated from each other.

• The number of stampings are stamped together to build the stator core.

• The slots on the periphery of the stator core carriers a 3 phase

winding(Star or Delta).

• This 3 phase winding is called stator winding.

• The choice of number of poles depends on the speed of the rotating

magnetic field required.
 Rotor
• The rotor is placed inside the stator.

• The rotor is mounted on a shaft, is a hollow laminated core having

slots on its outer periphery.

• The rotor core is also laminated in construction and uses cast iron.

• It is cylindrical, the rotor conductors or winding is placed in the

rotor slots.

• The two types of rotor constructions are used in 3 phase induction

motor.
1. Squirrel cage rotor and
2. Slip ring or wound rotor
 Squirrel cage rotor
• The rotor core is cylindrical and slotted on its periphery.

• The rotor consists of un insulated copper or aluminium bars called rotor conductors.

• The bars are placed in the slots.

• These bars are permanently shorted at each end with the help of conducting copper
ring called end ring.

• The entire looks like a cage, forming a closed electric circuit. So the rotor is called
squirrel cage rotor.
• As the bars are permanently shorted to each other
through end ring, the entire rotor resistance is very
very small. Hence this rotor is also called short
circuited rotor.

• The rotor slots are not arranged parallel to the shaft

axis but are skewed.
The advantages of skewing are

1. A magnetic hum (i.e.) noise gets reduced due to skewing

hence skewing makes the motor operation is quieter.

2. It makes the motor operation is smooth.

3. The stator and rotor teeth may get magnetically locked.

Such tendency of magnetic locking gets reduced due to
skewing.

4. It increases the effective transformation ratio between

stator and rotor.
 Slip Ring or Wound Rotor
• In this type of construction, rotor winding is
exactly similar to the stator.
• The rotor carries a 3 phase star or delta connected
distributed winding.

• Rotor winding for same number of poles as that of stator.

• The rotor construction is laminated and slotted.

• The 3 phase winding in star or delta are permanently

connected to the slip rings.
• The slip rings are mounted on
the same shaft.

• The external resistance can be

added with the help of brushes
and slip rings arrangement.
• At starting, the external resistances are included
in the rotor circuit to give a large starting torque.

• These resistance are gradually reduced to zero as

the motor runs up to rated speed.

• The external resistances are

used during starting period
only. When the motor attains
normal speed.

• The 3 brushes are short

circuited. So that the wound
rotor runs like a squirrel cage
rotor.
 Principle of Operation
• Induction motor works on the principle of
electromagnetic induction.

• When a 3 phase supply is given to the 3 phase stator

winding, a rotating magnetic field of constant
magnitude is produced.

• The speed of the rotating magnetic field is N s in rpm.

• The instantaneous vales of fluxes(RMF)

13
• This rotating field produces an effect of rotating
poles around a rotor.

• Let the direction of rotation of this rotating

magnetic field is clockwise.
• Now at this instant rotor is
stationary and stator flux
RMF, is rotating.

• So its obvious that there exists

a relative motion between the
RMF and rotor conductors.
• Now the RMF gets cut by rotor conductors as RMF sweeps
over rotor conductors.

• Whenever conductor cuts the flux, emf gets induced in it.

• So emf gets induced in the rotor conductors called rotor

induced emf.
• This is called electro magnetic induction.

• As rotor forms closed circuit, induced emf circulates current through

rotor called rotor current.

• Any current carrying conductor produces its own flux. So rotor

produces its flux called rotor flux.

• For assumed direction of rotor current, the direction of rotor flux is

clockwise.
• This direction can be easily
determined using right hand
thumb rule.

• Now there are two fluxes, one

R.M.F and other rotor flux.

• Both the fluxes interact with

each other.
• On left of rotor conductor, two fluxes are in same direction hence
added up to get high flux area.

• On right side, two fluxes cancel each other to produce low flux area.

• So rotor conductor experiences a force from left to right. Therefore

all the rotor conductors experience a force, the overall rotor
experiences a torque and starts rotating.
• So the interaction of two fluxes very essential for motoring action.

• The direction of force experienced is same as that of rotating

magnetic field.

• Hence rotor starts rotating in the same direction as that of

rotating magnetic field and tries to catch up the speed of rotating
magnetic field.

• So, Ns=Speed of rotating magnetic field in rpm.

N= Speed of rotor i.e. motor in rpm.
Ns-N= Relative speed between the two, rotating
magnetic field and the rotor conductors.

Thus rotor always rotates in same direction as that of R.M.F.

• When rotor starts rotating, it tries to catch the speed of rotating
magnetic field.

• If it catches the speed of the rotating magnetic field, the relative

motion between rotor and the rotating magnetic field will vanish
(Ns-N=0).

• So induced emf will vanish and hence there cannot be rotor current
and the rotor flux which is essential to produce torque on the rotor.

• Eventually motor will stop. But immediately there will exist a relative
motion between rotor and rotating magnetic field and it will start.

• Therefore, the induction motor never rotates at synchronous speed.

The speed at which it rotates is hence called sub synchronous speed
and motor sometimes called asynchronous motor( N<Ns).
 Slip of Induction Motor
• The difference between the two speeds(i.e.) synchronous speed of rotating magnetic
field(Ns) and rotor speed (N) is called slip speed.

• This slip speed is generally expressed as the percentage of the synchronous speed.

• In terms of slip, the actual speed of the motor(N) can be expressed as

• A.

• This is maximum value of slip S possible for induction motor which occurs at start.

• While S=0 gives us N=Ns. Which is not possible for an induction motor. So slip of
induction motor cannot be zero under any circumstances. Practically motor operates
in the slip ranges of 0.01 to 0.05 (i.e.) 1 % to 5 %.
 Effect of slip on rotor parameters
• In the case of transformer, frequency of the induced
emf in the secondary is same as the voltage applied to
primary.

• Now in the case of induction motor at start speed

N=0, slip S=1. under this condition as long as S=1.

• The frequency of induced emf in rotor is same as the

voltage applied to the stator.

• But the motor gathers the speed, induction motor has

some slip corresponding to speed N.
• In such case, slip affects the frequency of
induced emf due to this some other rotor
parameters also gets affected.

• Let us study the effect of slip on the following

rotor parameters.

1. Rotor frequency
2. Magnitude of rotor induced emf.
3. Rotor reactance
4. Rotor power factor and
5. Rotor current.
 1. Effect on Rotor Frequency
• In case on induction motor, the speed of rotating magnetic field
is,
---(1)

• At start the rotor speed N=0 and Slip S=1 and stationary has
maximum relative motion with respect to RMF.

• Hence maximum emf gets induced in the rotor at start.

• The frequency of this induced emf at start is same as that of

supply frequency.

• Hence in running condition magnitude of induced emf

decreases so as its frequency.
• The rotor is wound for same number of poles
as that of stator i.e. “P”

• If fr is the frequency of rotor induced emf in

running condition at slip speed NS-N.

• ---(2) (Rotor poles=Stator poles)

Dividing equation 2 by 1 we get,

• =s f
 2. Effect of magnitude of rotor induced EMF

Let
• E2 = Rotor induced emf per phase on standstill condition.

• E2r = Rotor induced emf per phase in running condition.

• Now E2 α Ns and E2r α Ns-N

• Dividing the two proportionality equations,

• =s

• =s E2