OOPS with C++
Parameterized Constructors
pass arguments to constructors.
initialize an object when it is created.
add parameters to it the way you would to any other
function.
define the constructor's body use the parameters
to initialize the object
#include<iostream.h>
class myclass {
int a, b;
public:
myclass(int i, int j) {
a=i; b=j;
}
void show() {
cout << a << " " << b;
}
};
int main() {
myclass ob(3, 5); // myclass ob = myclass(3, 4);
ob.show();
return 0;
}
Constructors with One
Parameter:
ob(i) or ob = i to initialize an object.
#include<iostream.h>
class X {
int a;
public:
X(int j)
{ a = j;
}
int geta() {
return a;
}
};
int main() {
X ob = 99; // passes 99 to j
cout << ob.geta(); // outputs 99
return 0;
}
Constructor and Destructor
initializing object
removing/destroying objects
Starting and end of the main function
class myclass {
public:
int who;
myclass(int id);
~myclass();
} glob_ob1(1), glob_ob2(2);
myclass::myclass(int id) {
cout << "Initializing " << id << "\n"; who = id;
}
myclass::~myclass() {
cout << "Destructing " << who << "\n";
}
int main() {
myclass local_ob1(3);
cout << "This will not be first line displayed.\n";
myclass local_ob2(4);
return 0;
}
The Scope Resolution Operator
to reference the global variable or member function
that is out of scope.
to access the hidden variable or function of a program
double colon (::) symbol.
Uses of the scope resolution Operator
to access the hidden variables or member functions of
a program.
defines the member function outside of the class using
the scope resolution.
to access the static variable and static function of a
class.
to override function in the Inheritance.
#include <iostream>
// declare global variable
int num = 50;
int main ()
{
// declare local variable
int num = 100;
// print the value of the variables
cout << " The value of the local variable num: " << num;
// use scope resolution operator (::) to access the global variable
cout << "\n The value of the global variable num: " << ::num;
return 0;
}
Static Data Members
declared using the static keyword.
only one copy of the static data member in the class, even if
there are many class objects
always initialized to zero when the first class object is created.
Syntax:static data_type data_member_name;
#include <iostream.h>
#include<string.h>
class Student {
private: int rollNo;
char name[10];
int marks;
public:
static int objectCount;
Student() {
objectCount++; }
void getdata() {
cout << "Enter roll number: "<<endl;
cin >> rollNo;
cout << "Enter name: "<<endl;
cin >> name;
cout << "Enter marks: "<<endl;
cin >> marks;
}
void putdata() {
cout<<"Roll Number = "<< rollNo <<endl;
cout<<"Name = "<< name <<endl;
cout<<"Marks = "<< marks <<endl;
cout<<endl;
} };
int Student::objectCount = 0;
int main(void) {
Student s1;
s1.getdata();
s1.putdata();
Student s2;
s2.getdata();
s2.putdata();
cout << "Total objects created = " <<
Student::objectCount << endl;
return 0;
}
Static Member Function
static is a keyword to define static member function
inside and outside of the class.
shares the single copy of the member function to any
number of the class' objects.
SYNTAX class_name::function_name (parameter);
#include <iostream>
class Note
{
static int num;
public:
static int func ()
{
return num;
}
};
int Note :: num = 5;
int main ()
{
cout << " The value of the num is: " << Note:: func () << endl;
return 0;
}
Inline function
to reduce the function call overhead.
increase efficiency if it is small
any changes made to an inline function will
require the inline function to be recompiled
again
Syntax:
inline return_type function_name(paramete
rs) {
// function code }
Not used in
loop. (for, while, do-while)
if a function has static variables.
function recurses.
If the return statement is absent from the
function body and the return type of the
function is not void.
Whether a function uses a goto or switch
statement.
#include <iostream>
inline int cube(int s) {
return s * s * s;
}
int main()
{
cout << "The cube of 3 is: " << cube(3) << "\n";
return 0;
}
#include <iostream.h>
class Student {
public: double marks;
Student(double m) {
marks = m;
}
};
void calculateAverage(Student s1, Student s2)
{
double average = (s1.marks + s2.marks) / 2;
cout << "Average Marks = " << average << endl;
}
int main() {
Student student1(88.0),
student2(56.0);
calculateAverage(student1, student2);
return 0;
}
#include <iostream.h>
class Student {
public: double
marks1, marks2;
};
Student createStudent() {
Student student;
student.marks1 = 96.5;
student.marks2 = 75.0;
cout << "Marks 1 = " << student.marks1 << endl;
cout << "Marks 2 = " << student.marks2 << endl;
return student;
}
int main() {
Student student1;
student1 = createStudent();
return 0;
}
