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PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO.1
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ARMAPUR KANPUR
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MR. PRADEEP PANDEY DEEPESH KUMAR
FACTORS EFFECTING
CAPACITANCE OF
CAPACITOR
INDEX
CAPACITANCE
CAPACITOR
CAPACITANCE OF A CAPACITOR
FACTORS EFFECTING CAPACITANCE OF A CAPACITOR
TYPES OF CAPACITOR
CHARGING OF CAPACITOR
ENERGY STORED IN A CAPACITOR
WORK DONE BY BATTERY DURING CHARGING
FORCE BETWEEN THE PLATES OF A PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR
USES OF CAPACITANCE OF A CAPACITOR
APPLICATIONS OF CAPACITANCE OF A CAACITOR
CAPACITANCE
The capacitance is defined as the amount of charge require to
raise the potential of a conductor by one volt.
Q=CV
( Q= charge
C= capacitance
V= voltage )
UNIT: S.I unit of capacitance is farad.
1farad=1c/volt
The above equation shows that for large C,V is small for a given
Q.
This means a capacitor with large capacitance can hold large
amount of charge Q at a relatively small V.
CAPACITOR
A capacitor is a passive electronic component that stores energy
in the form of an electrostatic field.
A capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an
insulating material called the dielectric.
Capacitors are used for storing energy, which can be used by the
device for temporary power outages whenever they need
additional power.
Capacitors are used for blocking DC current after getting fully
charged and yet allow the AC current to pass through the circuit
of a circuit.
A capacitor works on the principle that the capacitance of a
conductor increases appreciably when an earthed conductor is
brought near it.
CAPACITANCE OF A CAPACITOR
The capacitance C of a capacitor is defined as the ratio of the
maximum charge Q that can be stored in a capacitor to the
applied voltage V across its plates. In other words, capacitance is
the largest amount of charge per volt that can be stored on the
device: C = Q V .
The SI unit of capacitance is the farad (symbol: F), named after
the English physicist Michael Faraday. A 1 farad capacitor, when
charged with 1 coulomb of electrical charge, has a potential
difference of 1 volt between its plates. The reciprocal of
capacitance is called elastance.
FACTORS EFFECTING
CAPACITANCE OF A CAPACITOR
DielectricThe effect of dielectric on capacitance is that the greater
the permittivity of the dielectric, the greater the capacitance,
likewise lesser the permittivity of the dielectric the lesser is the
capacitance. Some materials offer less opposition to the field flux
for a given amount of field force. Materials with greater permittivity
allow more field flux. Hence greater charge is collected.Plate
SpacingThe effect of spacing on the capacitance is that it is
inversely proportional to the distance between the plates.
Mathematically it is given as:
C 1/d
Area of the PlatesThe effect of the area of the plate is that the
capacitance is directly proportional to the area. The larger the
plate area, the more the capacitance value. Mathematically it is
given as:
C A
The distance between the conductive plates (d), also known as the
plate separation or thickness of the dielectric, also affects a capacitor’s
capacitance value. The closer the plates are, the higher the capacitance
value. However, increasing the plate separation can also increase the
voltage rating of the capacitor, which is the maximum voltage it can
withstand before it breaks down or fails.
DIAGRAM
TYPES OF CAPACITOR
1) SPHERICAL CAPACITOR
As shown in figure, +q charge spreads uniformly on inner
surface of outer sphere of radius r1. The induced charge -q spreads
uniformly on the outer surface of inner sphere of radius r2. The
outer surface of outer sphere is earthen.
Due to electrostatic shielding
E = 0 for r < r2 and E = 0 for r > r1
In the space between the two spheres,
Potential difference between two spheres,
V=q4πϵ0r2−q4πϵ0r1=q4πϵ0[1r2−1r1]
V=q4πϵ0(r1−r2r1r2) ...(i)
Also, C=qV
∴C=4πϵ0r1r2r1−r2 using(i)
2) CYLINDRICAL CAPACITOR
3) PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR
Let the two plates be parallel be each other each carrying a surface
charge density +σ
and −σ
respectively. A
is the area of the plates and d
is the separation between them.
The electric field of a thin charged plate is given by E=σ2ϵ0
and is directed normally outwards from the plate. The total electric field
between the two plates is given as
E→=E→A+E→BE→=+σ2ϵ0(+x^)+−σ2ϵ0(−x^)=σϵ0x^E=|E→|
=σϵ0=Q/Aϵ0=QAϵ0
The potential difference between the two plates is
V=E×d=QdAϵ0
The capacitance is
C=QV=Aϵ0/d
CHARGING OF CAPACITOR
The charging of a capacitor is done with the help of a battery.
The battery or cell acts like a pump,which transfer charge from
lower potential to higher potential.
Initially both the plates are neutral
When a cell is connected between the plates, it transfer charge
from one plate to other. This make one of the plate positively
charge and other plate negatively charged
ENERGY STORED IN A CAPACITOR
Work has to be done to transfer charges onto a conductor against
the force of repulsion from the already existing charges on it. This
work done to charge from one plate to the other is stored as the
potential energy of the electric field of the conductor.
C = Q/V
Suppose the charge is being transferred from plate B to A. At the
moment, the charge on the plates is Q’ and –Q’. Then, to transfer a
charge of dQ’ from B to A, the work done by an external force will be
dW=VdQ′=Q′CdQ′
Total work done =
∫0O1CQ′dQ′=Q22C
∴ Energy stored in a capacitor
WORK DONE BY BATTERY DURING CHARGING
The battery transferred a charge Q across its treminals which
have a potential difference V
Work done by battery:
QV=CV^2
=Q^2/C
USES OF CAPACITANCE OF A CAPACITOR
1. Capacitors allow only AC signals to pass when they are
charged blocking DC signals.
2. The main components of filters are capacitors.
3. Capacitors have the ability to connect one circuit
segment to another.
4. Capacitors are used by Dynamic Random Access
Memory (DRAM) devices to represent binary
information as bits.
APPLICATIONS OF CAPACITANCE OF A CAPACITOR
The three applications of capacitors in circuits are:
1. Capacitors are used for energy storage.
2. Capacitors are used for power conditioning.
3. Capacitors are used for signal processing.
