Quantum computers

Supervision:Mr Mohamed Salah

 introduction
Hello dear collegues today’s project is about
quantum computers.We hope you enjoy this
project.
 What are quantum computers?
Quantum computers are a rapidly-emerging technology
that harnesses the laws of quantum mechanics to solve
problems too complex for classical computers. They are
very different from classical computers that have been
around for more than half a century. Quantum
computers use quantum bits (qubits) instead of classical
bits to store and process information. Qubits can exist
in multiple states simultaneously, which allows
quantum computers to perform many calculations at
once. This property is known as superposition.
 What are qubits?
Unlike modern day computers,quantum
computers use qubits.Qubits ,also known as
quantum bits, are can be defined as a basic unit
of information processing that can be used in
quantum computing. Like a bit, a qubit can also
be in one of two states. In the case of a qubit,
forreasons that for the moment will seem
utterly obscure, we label these two states by|
0 〉 and|1 〉
 The quantum algorithm
Progress in finding quantum algorithms typically focuses on this quantum circuit
model, though exceptions like the quantum adiabatic algorithm exist. Quantum
algorithms can be roughly categorized by the type of speedup achieved over
corresponding classical algorithms.
Quantum algorithms that offer more than a polynomial speedup over the best-
known classical algorithm include Shor's algorithm for factoring and the related
quantum algorithms for computing discrete logarithms, solving Pell's equation,
and more generally solving the hidden subgroup problem for abelian finite
groups. These algorithms depend on the primitive of the quantum Fourier
transform. No mathematical proof has been found that shows that an equally
fast classical algorithm cannot be discovered, but evidence suggests that this is
unlikely. Certain oracle problems like Simon's problem and the Bernstein–
Vazirani problem do give provable speedups, though this is in the quantum query
model, which is a restricted model where lower bounds are much easier to prove
and doesn't necessarily translate to speedups for practical problems.
 The creators of the quantum computers

Quantum back originated a while back in the

20th century. In 1998 Isaac Chuang of the Los
Alamos National Laboratory, Neil Gershenfeld of
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT),
and Mark Kubinec of the University of California
at Berkeley created the first quantum computer
(2-qubit) that could be loaded with data and
output a solution.
 How quantum computers are superior to
normal computers
Quantum computers solve many problems exponentially faster and with
less energy consumption than classical, or binary, computers. To understand
why, imagine a two-dimensional maze. A classical computer needs to run
one path after the other until it finds the way out of the maze. If the maze
comprises 256 possible paths, the classical computer has to run through the
maze about 128 consecutive times (on average, half of a maze’s paths must
be tried to find the right one). A quantum computer, however, is able to
work with all 256 paths at once. To put it a bit differently, an 8-bit classical
computer can represent only a single number from 0 to 255, but an 8-qubit
quantum computer can represent every number from 0 to 255
simultaneously. How is that possible? The answer is based in fundamental
laws of quantum mechanics: While a classical-computing binary unit, or bit,
can hold a value of either 0 or 1, a qubit (short for quantum bit) can
represent 0 or 1—or it can hold both values at the same time.
 How quantum computers benefits
businesses?
Few firms will build or own quantum computers in the near term. Instead, we’ll
see a cloud-computing-style model where companies rent access to quantum
machines hosted by a relatively small number of specialist providers, similar to
how companies today purchase computing from AWS, Google Cloud, and
Microsoft Azure. (Disclosure: Research by coauthor William Oliver has been
supported by these and other companies mentioned in this piece.) Quantum
computers will not be used in isolation but will be part of a hybrid solution in
which tasks will be assigned to the most suitable machine (quantum or classical).
A quantum-computing cloud infrastructure will enable the sharing of resources
and create economies of scale that lower costs and increase access, which in
turn will drive demand and accelerate progress.
As quantum hardware and software improve, algorithm designers will be
empowered to experiment and iterate on their ideas and hunches. They’ll be
able to refine existing algorithms and create new ones without having to wait
years between development and testing on a functional machine.
The father of quantum computing David
Elieser Deutsch
A picture of a real life quantum computer
The future of quantum computing
Quantum computing is a rapidly evolving field with a lot of potential.
According to a report by Deloitte Insights, venture capitalists invested more
than $1 billion into the sector in 2021, and one company even went public
with a multibillion-dollar valuation. Investment in quantum by governments,
including China, India, Japan, Germany, Netherlands, Canada, and the United
States, will likely bring the total to more than $5 billion for the year. However,
despite the hype and investment, quantum computers are still in their
infancy and have yet to be fully realized. In the future, quantum computers
are expected to solve problems that classical computers cannot solve
efficiently. One early application will be cryptography. Quantum computers
will be able to crack today’s internet encryption algorithms, so we will need
quantum-resistant cryptographic technology. Another application is in drug
discovery where quantum computers can simulate complex chemical
reactions and help discover new drugs. The future of quantum computing is
bright and full of possibilities.
 Will quantum computers replace normal
computers?
Quantum computers are not expected to replace classical computers. According to
the correspondence principle of quantum mechanics, under suitable conditions,
quantum systems imitate classical systems following the intuition that all macro-
classical systems are actually quantum systems when observed at the micro-level .
Classical computers have unique qualities that will be hard for quantum computers to
attain. For example, the ability to store data is unique to classical computers since the
memory of quantum computers only lasts a few hundred microseconds at most .
Additionally, quantum computers need to be kept at temperatures close to absolute
zero, which is on the order of -270 degrees Celsius (-450 degrees Fahrenheit) . All of
these challenges suggest that quantum computers are unlikely to become a fixture of
most households or businesses. The likelier scenario is that researchers in academia
and industry will access quantum computers through cloud services . Although
quantum technology is still in its early stages, providers like Amazon Web Services
and Microsoft Azure already offer cloud access to it . Classical computers will always
play a role in computing, but quantum computing will transform many industries in
the next decade .
Why do we need quantum computers?
Quantum computers are a rapidly-emerging technology that harnesses the
laws of quantum mechanics to solve problems too complex for classical
computers. They are capable of processing vast amounts of data and
performing calculations at speeds that far exceed those of classical
computers . Quantum computers can be used to solve complex problems in
fields such as medicine, finance, and cryptography. For example, they can
help simulate the behavior of molecules, which could lead to the discovery
of new drugs. They can also be used to optimize financial portfolios and
improve risk management strategies . In addition, quantum computers can
break encryption codes that are currently considered unbreakable by
classical computers, which could have significant implications for national
security . Quantum computing is still in its early stages, but it has the
potential to revolutionize the way we approach complex problems and make
significant contributions to fields such as science, engineering, and finance.
 summary
Quantum computers are a rapidly-emerging technology that harnesses the
laws of quantum mechanics to solve problems too complex for classical
computers. They are capable of processing vast amounts of data and
performing calculations at speeds that far exceed those of classical
computers . Quantum computers can be used to solve complex problems in
fields such as medicine, finance, and cryptography. For example, they can
help simulate the behavior of molecules, which could lead to the discovery
of new drugs . They can also be used to optimize financial portfolios and
improve risk management strategies . In addition, quantum computers can
break encryption codes that are currently considered unbreakable by
classical computers, which could have significant implications for national
security . Quantum computing is still in its early stages, but it has the
potential to revolutionize the way we approach complex problems and make
significant contributions to fields such as science, engineering, and finance.
 The students that contributed in this
project:
1. Moustafa Mohamed
2. Nelly Maged
3. Abdelrahman Mohamed
4. Shaza Essam
5. Mohamed Yehia
 sources
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https://hbr.org/2022/01/quantum-computing-fo
r-business-leaders