GALAXIES
AND GALACTIC
FORMATION
Reporter: Cabrera, Markelvin
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Galaxies are vast systems composed
of stars, gas, dust, and dark matter,
bound together by gravity. 01
They are fundamental components of
the universe and come in various
shapes and sizes.
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Galactic Formation Theories -
begins shortly after the
Big Bang, approximately
13.8 billion years ago. The
leading theories explaining
how galaxies form.
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Galactic Formation Theories
Top-Down Model Bottom-Up Model
large structures form first from
posits that small structures form
the gravitational collapse of
matter. These massive first and gradually merge to create
protogalaxies eventually fragment larger galaxies.
into smaller galaxies. This model This process is supported by
suggests that early galaxies were simulations showing that smaller
much larger than those we dark matter halos coalesce over
observe today.
time due to gravitational
attraction, leading to the formation
of larger galaxies.
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EVOLUTION
EVOLUTION 02
OF GALAXIES
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Galaxies evolve through several processes
Mergers Star Formation Feedback Mechanisms
Galaxies can collide and The rate of star formation Supernovae and active galactic
merge with one within a galaxy can change over nuclei (AGNs) can influence
another, significantly time due to various factors galaxy evolution by expelling
altering their structure such as gas availability and gas from galaxies or heating it
and star formation environmental conditions. up, thereby regulating star
rates. formation rates.
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TYPES 02
OF GALAXIES
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Spiral Galaxies
- have a flat, rotating disk
containing stars, gas, and dust, along with a central
concentration of stars known
as the bulge. The Milky Way is
a classic example of a spiral
galaxy. Spiral galaxies are
characterized by their spiral
arms that extend outward
from the center, where new star
formation often occurs.
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Elliptical Galaxies
- range from nearly spherical
to elongated shapes and lack
the distinct features of spiral
galaxies. They contain older
stars and very little interstellar
gas and dust, which means
they have low rates of star
formation.
-can vary in size from small dwarf galaxies to
massive giants.
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Irregular Galaxies
- do not have a defined shape
or structure. They often appear
chaotic and are typically rich in
gas and dust, which allows for
active star formation.
-can result from gravitational
interactions or mergers
between other galaxies.
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STRUCTURE OF
STRUCTURE OF 02
THE MILKY
THE MILKY WAY
WAY
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Galactic Bulge-
At the center lies the galactic
bulge, a dense region filled
with older stars and possibly a
supermassive black hole known
as Sagittarius A.
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Spiral Arms-
At the center lies the galactic
The Milky Way features several
prominent spiral arms (such as
the Orion Arm) that extend
outward from the center.
- These arms are sites of active
star formation due to their
higher concentrations of gas
and dust.
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Galactic Disk
Surrounding the bulge and
spiral arms is the galactic
disk, which contains most
of the galaxy’s stars, gas,
and dust. The disk is
relatively thin compared to
its diameter.
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Halo
- is a spherical region
surrounding the disk that
contains older stars, globular
clusters, and dark matter.
- extends far beyond the
visible components of the
galaxy.
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