Keys to Effective

Leadership
and Management

1
Objectives
 Define leadership and management
 Distinguish between leadership and
management
 Discuss the qualities and behaviors that
contribute to effective leadership
 Discuss the qualities and behaviors that
contribute to effective management

2
 Today, all nurses are managers
 Must deal with other staff who work with
them
 Must know what motivates people
 Must be able to collaborate with others,
both as leaders and as members of the
team
 Need to be confident in their ability to be
leaders and managers
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 Leadership is the ability to
influence other people

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TheDefinition
Leadership and
Management

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 A Leadership Story:
 A group of workers and their leaders are set a task
of clearing a road through a dense jungle on a
remote island to get to the coast where an estuary
provides a perfect site for a port.
 The leaders organise the labour into efficient units
and monitor the distribution and use of capital
assets – progress is excellent. The leaders continue
to monitor and evaluate progress, making
adjustments along the way to ensure the progress is
maintained and efficiency increased wherever
possible.
 Then, one day amidst all the hustle and bustle and
activity, one person climbs up a nearby tree. The
person surveys the scene from the top of the tree.
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A Leadership Story:
 And shouts down to the assembled group
below…
 “Wrong Way!”
 (Story adapted from Stephen Covey (2004) “The Seven Habits of Highly Effective
People” Simon & Schuster).

 “Management is doing things right,

leadership is doing the right things”
(Warren Bennis and Peter Drucker)

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 LEADERSHIP
Covey defined a leader as one who “enables people to
work more effectively together in a state of
interdependence”.

Bryman “influence, groups, and goal” (involves

influencing other people, usually in some type of group,
to work toward the achievement of the group’s goals ).

Max DePree defined it as “liberating people to do what

is required of them in the most effective and humane
way possible”.
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Anursing leader inspires
others to work toward a
goal.

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According to Covey,

“Effectivemanagers are able to
elicit from each employee his or her
deepest commitment, continued loyalty,
finest creativity, consistent excellent
productivity, and maximum potential
contribution toward continuous
improvement of process, product, and
service”.

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In 1916, Henri Fayol defined
management as:
 Planning
 Organizing
 Commanding
 Coordinating
 Controlling the work of a given set of
employees

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 management
Mitzberg (1989) said Fayol’s lists did not really
describe what managers do……..
They do whatever is necessary to make sure
that employees do their work and do it well.
This includes interpersonal, informational and
decisional actions.

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Are you ready to be a leader or
manager?
new graduates should not be given managerial
responsibility under most circumstances, they
time to develop their own clinical skills, breadth
and depth of their experience

ON THE OTHER HAND

new graduates can function as leaders within

their new nursing roles.
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The Differences Between
Leadership and Management
 Managers have formal authority to direct
the work of a given set of employees
 Managers are formally responsible for
the quality and cost of that work
 Neither is necessary to be a leader
 On the other hand, to be an effective
manager, you need to be a good leader.

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 You do not have to be a manager to be a
leader.

 Managers control aspect of the

environment such as resources, time and
money

 Management positions may be assigned

with a management position, comes power

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 Differences Between:
 Leadership  Management
 Based on influence and  Based on authority and
shared meaning
influence
 A formally designated role
 An informal role
 An assigned position
  Usually responsible for
An achieved position
 Part of every nurse’s budgets, hiring, and firing
responsibility people

 Independent of  Improved by the use of

management effective leadership skills
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What Makes a
Person a
Leader?

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Leadership

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Types of Leadership Style

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Types of Leadership Style Autocratic:
(Authoritarian, Directive, Controlling)
 Leader makes decisions without reference to
anyone else
 High degree of dependency on the leader
 Can create de-motivation and alienation
of staff
 May be valuable in some types of business
where decisions need to be made quickly and
decisively

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Types of Leadership Style Autocratic:
(Authoritarian, Directive,
Controlling)
Assumes individuals are motivated by external
forces; therefore leader makes all the decisions

 Gives orders
 Makes decisions for the group as a whole
 Bears most of the responsibility for the
outcomes

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Types of Leadership Style Autocratic:
(Authoritarian, Directive, Controlling)
 this is an efficient way to run things,
 it usually stifles creativity
 may inhibit motivation,
 may be either punitive or benign

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 Types of Leadership Style
Democratic (Participative)
Encourages decision making
from different perspectives – leadership
may be emphasised throughout
the organisation
 Consultative: process of consultation before
decisions are taken
 Persuasive: Leader takes decision and seeks to
persuade others that the decision
is correct

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 Types of Leadership Style
Democratic (Participative)

 May help motivation and involvement

 Workers feel ownership of the firm and its
ideas
 Improves the sharing of ideas
and experiences within the business
 Can delay decision making

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 Types of Leadership Style
Democratic (Participative)
Assumes individuals are motivated by internal forces,
leader uses participation and majority rule to get work
done

 Shares the planning, decision making and

responsibility for the outcomes with other members of
the group

 Often a less efficient way to run things,

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 Types of Leadership Style
Democratic (Participative)

 More flexible and more likely to foster motivation

and creativity
Open, trusting environments encourages one to
seek new skills
Characterized by guidance rather than control
Concerned with teamwork
Fosters open communication
Creates a spirit of collaboration

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 Types of Leadership Style
Laissez-Faire (Permissive, nondirective)
(“let it alone”)
 ‘Let it be’ – the leadership responsibilities
are shared by all
 Can be very useful in businesses

where creative ideas are important

 Can be highly motivational,

as people have control over their working life

 Can make coordination and decision making

time-consuming and lacking in overall direction

 Relies on good team work

 Relies on good interpersonal relations

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 Types of Leadership Style
Laissez-Faire (Permissive, nondirective)
(“let it alone”)
Assumes individuals are motivated by internal forces
and should be left alone to complete work; leader
provides no direction or facilitation

 Leader does very little planning or decision making

and fails to encourage others to participate in either

 Is a lack of leadership

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 Types of Leadership Style
Laissez-Faire (Permissive, nondirective)
(“let it alone”)
 Leaves people feeling confused and frustrated
because there is no goal, no guidance, and no
direction
 Some mature individuals enjoy laissez-faire
leadership because they need little guidance
 Has few established policies

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 Types of Leadership Style
Paternalistic
 Leader acts as a ‘father figure’
 Paternalistic leader makes decision but
may consult
 Believes in the need to support staff

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 Pavitt summed up the difference
between these styles nicely
 a democratic leader attempts to move the
group toward its goals,

 an autocratic leader attempts to move the

group toward the leader’s goals,

 a laissezfaire leader makes no attempt to

move the group
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 Authoritarian Democratic Laissez-Faire

Degree of Little freedom Moderate Much freedom

freedom freedom
Degree of High control Moderate Little control
control control
Decision By the leader Leader and By the group or
making group together by no one
Leader activity High High Minimal
level
Assumption of Leader Shared Abdicated
responsibility
Output of the High quantity, Creative, high Variable, may
group good quality quality be poor

Efficiency Very efficient Less efficient quality

than
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The most effective leader is able to

 balance tasks and relationships of working

together

 Some emphasize tasks, other relationships

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Change Leadership

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Change Leadership
 The most challenging aspect of business is
leading and managing change
 The business environment is subject to fast-
paced economic and social change
 Modern business must adapt
and be flexible to survive
 Problems in leading change stem mainly from
human resource management

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Self-esteem
Change Leadership
2. Minimisation: As the
change becomes clearer, 3. Depression: as reality
people try to fit in the begins to dawn staff may
change with their own feel alienated and angry, 7
personal position and may feelings of a lack of control
try to believe that it will of events overtake people
not affect them. and they feel depressed as
they try to reconcile what
2 is happening with their own
personal situation.

6
3
1
1. Immobilisation –
as rumours of the 5 4. Acceptance/letting go:
change circulate, the The lowest point in self-
individual feels some esteem finally sees people
sense of shock and starting to accept the
possible disbelief – so inevitable. Fear of the future
much so that they
4 Time
is a feature of this stage.
deem it worthy of
doing nothing. 36
 Change Leadership
Self-esteem 6. Search for meaning:
Individuals begin to work
with the change and see
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how they might be able to
make the change work for
them – self esteem begins 7. Internalisation:
to rise. the change is
understood and
2
adopted within the
individual’s own
6 understanding – they
3 now know how to
work with it and feel a
renewed sense of
1
confidence and self
5 esteem.
5. Testing out:
Individuals begin to
interact with the change,
they start to ask questions
4 Time
to see how they might
work with the change.
37
Leadership
Theories

38
Theories of Leadership

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Leadership Theories
 Many opinions how one becomes a leader
 No theory is clear provides the single best answer
to the question: What makes a person a leader?
 We are not born to be leaders
 Trait, behavioral and contingency theories
represent conventional approaches to leadership
and have provided important foundations for
leadership. We also have contemporary theories

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Theories of Leadership
 May depend on:
 Type of staff
 History of the business
 Culture of the business
 Quality of the relationships
 Nature of the changes needed
 Accepted norms within the institution

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 Theories of Leadership
Trait Theories
(concerned with what a leader is)
“Leaders are born, not made.”
 Intelligence
 Initiative
 Excellent interpersonal skills
 High self-esteem
 Creativity
 Willingness to take risks
 Ability to tolerate the consequences of
taking risks
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Theories of Leadership
Trait Theories
 Is there a set of characteristics
that determine a good leader?
 Personality?
 Dominance and personal presence?
 Charisma?
 Self confidence?
 Achievement?
 Ability to formulate a clear vision?

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Theories of Leadership
Trait Theories
 Are such characteristics
inherently gender biased?
 Do such characteristics
produce good leaders?
 Is leadership more than
just bringing about change?
 Does this imply that leaders are born not bred?

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Theories of Leadership
Behavioural Theories
(concerned with hat the leader does)
 Imply that leaders can be trained – focus on the
way of doing things
 Structure based behavioural theories – focus on the
leader instituting structures – task orientated
 Relationship based behavioural theories – focus on the
development and maintenance of relationships – process
orientated

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 Theories of Leadership
Behavioural Theories
Type of Leadership Style used by the person
 Authoritarian
 Democratic
 Laissex-faire

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Theories of Leadership
Contingency (Situational)
Theories

 Thesetheories recognize the

complexity of work situations and
encourage the leader to consider
a number of factors when
deciding what action to take

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Theories of Leadership
Contingency (Situational)
Theories
 Leadership as being more flexible – different
leadership styles used at different times
depending on the circumstance.
 Suggests leadership is not a fixed series of
characteristics that can be transposed into
different contexts

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 Theories of Leadership
Contingency (Situational)
Theories
 suggest managers adapt their leadership
styles in relation to changing situations
 May range from authoritarian to
permissive and vary in relation to current
needs and future probabilities

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Contemporary
Theories

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 Trait, behavioral, and contingency theories
leadership and have provided important
foundations for leadership
 Quantum leadership is based on the
concept that reality is a set of relationships
expressed at varying and continuously
changing levels of complexity

 Charismatic Leadership
 Transactional and transformational
Leadership
 Connective Leadership

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 Theories of Leadership
Charismatic Leadership
 Leadershipbased on valued
personal characteristics and
beliefs

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 Theories of Leadership
Transformational
 Recognized process as very complex
 Something was missing:
 Recognized inspiration and vision as
outstanding features
 People need a sense of mission that goes
beyond good interpersonal relationships
or the appropriate reward for a job well
done
 Goals should become fused, creating
unity, wholeness, and a collective purpose
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Theories of Leadership
Transformational
Widespread changes
to a business or organisation
 Requires:
 Long term strategic planning
 Clear objectives
 Clear vision
 Leading by example – walk the walk
 Efficiency of systems and processes

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 Theories of Leadership
Transactional Theories
 A leadership style based on principles of
social exchange theory in which social
interaction between leaders and followers is
essentially economic and success is
achieved when needs are met, loyalty is
enhanced, and work performance is
enhanced

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Theories of Leadership
Transactional Theories

 Focus on the management of the organisation

 Focus on procedures and efficiency
 Focus on working to rules and contracts
 Managing current issues and problems

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Theories of Leadership
Connective Theories
 A leadership style that values collaboration
and teamwork;
 interpersonal skills are used to promote
collegiality in achieving organizational goals

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Theories of Leadership
Invitational Theories

 Improving the atmosphere and message sent out by the

organisation
 Focus on reducing negative messages
sent out through the everyday actions of the business
both externally and, crucially, internally
 Review internal processes to reduce these
 Build relationships and sense of belonging and identity
with the organisation –
that gets communicated to customers, etc.

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 Qualities of Effective
Leaders
 Effective leadership is defined as the
accomplishment of the goals shared by
leader and followers.
 Integrity  Perseverance
 Courage  Balance

 Initiative  Ability to Handle

Stress
 Energy  Self-Awareness
 Optimism

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 Qualities of Effective
Leaders
 Integrity.
 Integrity is expected of healthcare professionals.
Our clients, colleagues, and employers all expect
nurses to be honest, law-abiding, and trustworthy.
Adherence to both a code of personal ethics and a
code of professional ethics (see the American Nurses
Association Code for Nurses in Appendix 1) is
expected of every nurse. Would-be leaders who do
not exhibit these characteristics cannot expect them
of their followers either.

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Qualities of Effective Leaders
 Courage. Sometimes, being a leader means
taking some risks.
 Initiative. Good ideas are not enough. To
be a leader, you must act on those good
ideas. This requires initiative on your part.
 Energy. Leadership also requires energy.
Both leadership and management are hard
but satisfying work that requires effort on
your part. Of course, it is also important that
you use your energy wisely.
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Qualities of Effective Leaders
 Optimism. When the work is difficult and one
crisis seems to follow another in rapid succession,
it is easy to become discouraged. However, it is
important not to let discouragement keep you and
your coworkers from seeking ways to resolve your
difficulties. In fact, the ability to see a problem as
an opportunity is part of the optimism that makes a
person an effective leader. Like energy, optimism
is “catching.” An optimistic leader can remotivate
a discouraged group. Holman (1995) calls this
being a winner instead of a whiner
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 Winner or Whiner—Which Are
You?
A winner says . . . A whiner says . . .

We have a real challenge This is really a problem.

here.
I’ll give it my best. Do I have to?
That’s great! That’s nice, I guess.
We can do it. Impossible. It can’t be
Yes! done.
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Qualities of Effective Leaders
 • Perseverance. Perseverance is a closely
related characteristic of effective leaders.
Effective leaders do not give up easily.
Instead, they persevere, continuing their
efforts when others are tempted to give up
the struggle. This perseverance often pays
off.

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Qualities of Effective Leaders
 • Balance. In our effort to become the best nurses we
can be, we may forget that other aspects of life are
equally important. As important as our clients and
colleagues are to us, family and friends are important
too. Although school and work are meaningful
activities, cultural, social, recreational, and spiritual
activities also have meaning. The most effective
leaders have found a balance between work and play in
their lives.
 • Ability to Handle Stress. There is some stress
in almost every job. Coping with stress in as positive
and healthy a manner as possible helps you conserve
your energy and be a model for others.
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Behaviors of Effective Leaders
 As mentioned earlier, leadership requires
action. The effective leader not only takes
action but also chooses the action carefully.
Important leadership behaviors include thinking
critically, solving problems, respecting people,
communicating skillfully, setting specific goals
and communicating a vision for the future, and
developing oneself and others

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Behaviors of Effective Leaders

 Think critically-choose actions clearly

 Solve problems
 Respect individuals
 Listen and communicate carefully and
skillfully
 Set goals and a vision for the future
 Develop oneself and coach others

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Behaviors of Effective Leaders
Critical thinking
 is reflective, reasoned analysis that focuses on
thinking before deciding what to believe or do
(Miller & Malcolm, 1990). The essence of critical
thinking is questioning and analyzing ideas,
suggestions, habits, routines, common practices,
and policies before deciding to accept or reject
them. To avoid falling prey to the assumptions
and biases of oneself and others, ask yourself
frequently, “Why do I believe that . . .?” (Ulrich
& Glendon, 1999).

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Behaviors of Effective Leaders
Solving Problems.
 Client problems, paperwork problems, staff
problems: these and others occur
frequently and need to be solved. The
effective leader helps people to identify
problems and to work through the problem-
solving process to find a reasonable
solution.

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Behaviors of Effective Leaders
Respecting the Individual.
 Although we all have much in common as thinking,
feeling human beings, each of us has different wants
and needs and has had different life experiences. For
example, some people really value the psychological
rewards of helping others, and other people are more
concerned about earning a decent salary. There is
nothing wrong with either of these points of view; they
are simply different. The effective leader recognizes
these differences in people and helps them find the
rewards in their work that mean the most to them.
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Behaviors of Effective Leaders
Listening to Others and Communicating
Skillfully. The only way to find out people’s
individual wants and needs is to watch what
they do and to listen to what they tell you. It is
amazing how often leaders fail simply because
they did not listen to what other people were
trying to tell them. We have separated listening
from communicating with other people just to
emphasize that communication involves both
giving and receiving information, not just
giving out information. Skillful communication
includes the following:
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
Behaviors of Effective Leaders
—Encouraging the Exchange of Information. Many
misunderstandings and mistakes occur because people failed to
share enough information with each other. The leader’s role is to
make sure that the channels of communication remain open and that
people use them.

 —Providing Feedback. Everyone needs some information about the

effectiveness of his or her performance. Frequent feedback, both
positive and negative, is needed so that people can continually
improve their performance. Some nurse leaders find it difficult to
give negative feedback, fearing that they will upset the other person.
How else can a person know where improvement is needed?
Negative feedback can be given in a manner that is neither hurtful
nor resented by the individual receiving it. In fact, it is often
appreciated. Other nurse leaders forget to give positive feedback,
assuming that coworkers will know when they are doing a good job.
This is a mistake; everyone appreciates positive feedback. In fact,
for some people, it is the most important reward they get from their
jobs.
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Behaviors of Effective Leaders
 SettingSpecific Goals and
Communicating a Vision for the Future.
 Just as each one of us is unique in terms of our experiences,
needs, and wants, we are also likely to have unique goals for
ourselves. An important leadership task is to find the
common thread in all of those goals and to help the group
reach a consensus about its goals.
 This may require considerable discussion before it is
achieved.
 The effective leader also has a vision for the future.
Communicating this vision to the group and involving
everyone in working toward that vision create the inspiration
that keeps people going when things become difficult. Even
better, involving people in creating the vision is not only more
satisfying for employees but also has the potential for the
most creative and innovative outcomes (Kerfott, 2000). It is
this vision that helps make our work meaningful.
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Behaviors of Effective Leaders
Developing Oneself and Others.
Learning does not end with leaving school. In fact,
experienced nurses will tell you that school is just
the beginning, that it only prepares you to
continue learning throughout your career. As new
and better ways to care for clients are discovered,
it is your responsibility as a professional to
critically analyze these new approaches and
decide whether they would be better for your
clients than current approaches to care.
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Behaviors of Effective Leaders
 Effective leaders not only continue to learn
but also encourage others to do the same.
Sometimes leaders function as teachers. At
other times, their role is primarily to
encourage and guide others to seek more
knowledge. Observant, reflective, analytical
practitioners know that learning takes place
every day if one is open to it (Kaagan,
1999).

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Factors Affecting Style

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Factors Affecting Style
 Leadership style may be dependent
on various factors:
 Risk - decision making and change initiatives
based on degree of risk involved
 Type of business – creative business
or supply driven?
 How important change is –
change for change’s sake?
 Organisational culture – may be long embedded
and difficult to change
 Nature of the task – needing cooperation?
Direction? Structure?
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 What Makes a
Person a Manager?

78
What Makes a Person a Manager?

 One may emphasize the relationship of

managing people where another may
emphasize the task aspects of
management

79
 Although there are many management theories,
it is most important to be familiar with the two
major but opposing schools of thought in
management: the human relations approach to
management and scientific management. As
you will see, one emphasizes the relationship
aspects of managing people, and the other
emphasizes the task aspects of management

80
Scientific Management
 Frederick Taylor believed that most jobs
could be done more efficiently if they were
thoroughly analyzed and that most
workers could work more efficiently given
a properly designed tasks and sufficient
incentive to get the work done

 The nurse manage would keep records on

work done
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Scientific Management
 The work itself was also analyzed to improve
efficiency. In health care, for example, there has
been a lot of discussion about the time it takes to
bring patients to x-ray or therapy versus bringing
the x-ray or therapist to the patient. The current
emphasis on eliminating excess staff and
increasing the productivity of remaining
employees is based on the same kind of thinking.

82
Scientific Management
 Nurse managers who use the principles of
scientific management emphasize the task
aspects of providing health care. They pay
particular attention to the type of treatments and
procedures done on the unit, the equipment
needed to provide this care efficiently, and
strategies that would facilitate efficient
accomplishment of these tasks. These nurse
managers keep careful records of the amount of
work accomplished and reward those who
accomplish the most.

83
 Human Relations-Oriented
Management
 McGregor’s X,  keeping employee morale and
Y Theory motivation as high as possible,
assuming that satisfied,
motivated employees will do the
best work

84
 Human Relations-Oriented
Management
McGregor’s (Theory X)
 Most people do not want to work very hard
and the manager’s job is to see that they do
work hard
 Employees need strict rules, constant
supervision, and the threat of punishment
(in the form of reprimands, withheld raises,
and threats fo job loss) to make them
careful, conscientious workers

85
Human Relations-Oriented
Management
McGregor’s (Theory Y)
 Managers believe the work itself can be
motivating and people will work hard if their
managers provide an atmosphere in which
they are supported and encouraged to do
so
 Emphasizes guidance rather than control,
development rather than close supervision,
and reward rather than punishment
86
 X Y
Work is something to be The work itself can be
avoided motivating

People want to do as People really want to do

little as possible their job well

Use control-supervision Use guidance-

punishment development reward

87
 A human relations–oriented nurse manager
is concerned with keeping employee
morale as high as possible, assuming that
satisfied, motivated employees will do the
best work. Employees’ attitudes, opinions,
hopes, and fears are important to this type
of nurse manager. Considerable effort is
expended to work out conflicts and promote
mutual understanding among the staff to
provide an atmosphere in which people can
do their best work.

88
 Qualities of An Effective
Manager
The effective nurse manager possesses a
combination of qualities:
 Leadership
 Clinical Expertise
 Business Sense
 None of these alone is enough; it is the
combination that prepares an individual for the
complex task of managing a group or team of
healthcare providers.

89
Qualities of An Effective Manager
 Leadership.
 All of the people skills of the leader are essential to
the effective manager. They are the core skills needed
to function as a manager.

 Clinical Expertise.
 It is very difficult to either help others develop their
skills or evaluate how well they have done this without
possessing clinical expertise oneself. It probably is not
necessary (or even possible) to know everything every
other professional on the team knows, but it is
important to be able to assess the effectiveness of their
work in terms of patient outcomes.
90
Qualities of An Effective Manager
 • Business Sense.
 Nurse managers also need to be concerned with
the “bottom line,” that is, with the cost of providing
the care that is given, especially in comparison
with the benefit received from that care. In other
words, nurse managers need to be able to
analyze how much is spent to provide a given
amount of client care and how effective that client
care has been. This is a very complex task and
requires knowledge of budgeting, staffing, and
measurement of patient outcomes

91
Qualities of An Effective Manager
 There is some controversy over the amount of
clinical expertise versus business sense that is
needed to be an effective nurse manager.
 Some argue that a person can be a “generic”
manager, that the job of managing people is the
same no matter what tasks they perform.
 Others argue that the manager must understand
the tasks better than anyone else in the work
group.
 Our position is that both are needed, along with
excellent leadership skills.
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 Behaviors of An
Effective Manager
Mintzberg (1989) divides the manager’s activities
into three categories
 Interpersonal
 Informational
 Decisional

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Behaviors of An Effective Manager
Representing employees Informational
Representing the organization
Dissemination
Networking Interpersonal
Conflict negotiation and resolution
Employee development
Rewards and punishment
Employee evaluation Decisional
Resource allocation
Planning
Job analysis and redesign 94
Behaviors of An Effective Manager

 The interpersonal area is one in which

leaders and managers have similar
responsibilities. However, the manager has
some additional responsibilities that are
seldom given to leaders. The following are
additional interpersonal skills that nurse
managers need:

95
 Behaviors of An Effective
Manager Interpersonal
 Networking (The position of nurse managers in
the hierarchy provides them with many
opportunities to develop positive working
relationships with other disciplines, departments,
and units within the organization)

 Conflict Negotiation and resolution (Managers

often find themselves occupied with resolving
conflicts between employees, between clients and
staff members, and between staff members and
administration)
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 Behaviors of An Effective
Manager Interpersonal
 Employee Development (Providing for the
continuing learning and upgrading of the skills of
employees is a managerial responsibility that
overlaps with managers’ informational
responsibilities)

 Rewards and Punishments (Managers are in a

position to provide both tangible (e.g., salary
increases, time off) and intangible (e.g., praise,
recognition) rewards as well as punishments )
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 Behaviors of An Effective Manager
Informational

Spokesperson. Managers often speak for administration

when relaying information to their staff members.
Likewise, they often speak for staff members when
relaying information to administration. In addition,
they frequently represent their work group or
department at various meetings and discussions.

Monitoring. Nurse managers monitor the activities of their

units or work groups. This may include the number of
clients seen, average length of stay, infection rates,
and so forth. They also monitor the staff (e.g.,
absentee rates, tardiness, unproductive time) and the
budget (e.g., money spent, money left to spend in
comparison with money needed to operate the unit). 98
 Behaviors of An Effective Manager
Informational
Dissemination. Nurse managers share information with
their clients, staff members, and employers. This
information may be related to the results of their
monitoring efforts, new developments in health care,
policy changes, and so forth. As you can see, nurse
managers have very complex, responsible positions
within healthcare organizations. Ineffective managers
may do harm to their employees and to the
organization, but effective managers can help their
staff members grow and develop as healthcare
professionals while providing the highest quality care
to their clients.

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 Behaviors of An Effective Manager
Decisional
Employee Evaluation. Managers are responsible
for conducting formal performance appraisals
of their staff members.
Resource Allocation. In decentralized
organizations, nurse managers are often given a
set amount of money for running their units or
departments and must allocate these resources
wisely, especially when they are very limited.
Hiring and Firing Employees. Most nurse
managers participate in or carry out themselves
the hiring and firing for their units or departments.
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 Behaviors of An Effective Manager
Decisional
Planning for the Future. Even though the day-to-day
operation of most units is a sufficiently complex and
time-consuming responsibility, nurse managers must
also look forward and prepare themselves and their
units for future changes in budgets, organizational
priorities, and patient populations.
Job Analysis and Redesign. In a time of extreme cost
consciousness, nurse managers are frequently being called
on to analyze and redesign the work of their units or
departments to make them as efficient and cost effective
as possible.
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 Thinking critically is something an
effective leader uses
 The essence of critical thinking is
questioning and analyzing
 The effective leader influences others
successfully
 A leader-manager is both a leader and a
manager
 A leader may be an informal position
 A manager has a formal position

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Effectiveleadership is
defined as the
accomplishment of the
goals shared by leaders
and followers…….inspiring
commitment
103
 Effective managers should be
leaders

 Every registered nurse needs leadership

skills to be effective as a practitioner and
colleague !!!!!!!!

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