Crop Protection 1

Topic : ENTOMOLOGY
Prepared by:

MARICAR D. ALEMANIA-ECHALUCE
Instructor 1
History of Philippine Entomology
The development of Philippine Entomology
was recorded (in 1981) by the late Dr.
Bernardo P. Gabriel (Philippine Entomologist
vol. 4(6): 495-501), a distinguished professor
of the Department of Entomology, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines at
Los Baños.
His accounts cover the period of the first recognizable written
record of the Philippine
insect to the 70’s. He subdivided this span of time into 5,
namely:

Ø Spanish Period (1521 – 1899: 6th –19th Century)

Ø Early American Occupation (1900 – 1920)
Ø Rise of the Filipino Entomologists (1922 –1940)
Ø War Setback and Rebuilding (1941 – 1960)
Ø Developments and Directions in the Sixties and Seventies (1961 –
1979).
Spanish Period (1521 – 1899; 16th – 19th Century)
YEAR MILESTONE
Pigafetta’s account of Palawan leaf insects - the first recognizable written
1521 record of a Philippine insect
Earliest recorded account of locust swarm in the Philippines (Panay
1569 Island)
Spanish Priest Padre Antonio Sedeno first planted mulberry and introduced
1593 sericulture in the Philippines.
Philip III of Spain promulgated laws of the Indies which prescribed the work of
churchmen, secular persons and the Royal Treasury in connection with the
1616 extermination of locusts. Similar decrees were promulgated in the following
years _1774, 1819, 1858, 1866 and 1888.
Ordinances of Good Government promulgated by Governor-General Don
Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera _ revised by Governor General Don Fausto
Cruzat y Gongora 1696 _ Ordinance provide that men and women must be
1642 made to destroy locust under penalties imposed for neglect. Quota _ so many
gantas of locust destroyed. Punishment for Alcalde _ Mayor and Corregidor
shall be deposition from office and change in their residences.
YEAR MILESTONE
Augustinian Missionary Father Manuel Galliana introduce sericulture for
1780
the second time
Econpomic Society of Friends of the country (Sociedad Economico de los
1781 Amigos del Pais) founded by Governor Jose Vasco y Vargas endeovored
to promote sericulture in the Camarines.
Johann Friedrich Eschscholtz a Russian entomologist first entomological
1816
investigator to visit the Philippines on the Russian Ship Rurik.
Cochineal insect was fist introduced and again in 1861, but did not
1826
succeed.
Opening of the port of Manila to the world’s commerce Foreigner other
1830 than the Spaniards were allowed to entry the country including foreign
explorers.
Hugh Cuming - English conchologist collected in many parts of Luzon
1831 resulting in the publication of some important Philippine insects, e.g.
Promecotheca cumingii (Baly) 1858.
Westwood, J. O. published characteristics of new insects from Manila,
1837
collected by Mr. Cuming _ Proc. Zool. Soc. London 5:30.
German savant Hans HermanBehr stayed in the Philippines for 2 years
1848
collecting insects specifically Lepidoptera.
 YEAR MILESTONE
Successful introduction of a starling, locally known as “Martinez”
1849
Aetheopsar cristatellus Linn. From Southern Chinato control Locust.
Earliest known species of Philippines Hemiptera published by W. S.
1851 Dallas derived from Cuming’s material which got into the British
Museum.
Pierre Joseph Michael Lorquin, famous French entomologist visited the
1856, 1862
Philippines and also worked on Lepidoptera.
The German entomologist, Carl Semper, collected insects in different
1859 – 1865 localities in the Philippines which resulted in several publications on
Philippines insects especially by his brother, George Semper.
1868 Brauer described Philippine Neuroptera and Libellulidae (Odonata).
Hemiptera Insularum Philippinarum published by Carl Stal - famous
1870 Swedish entomologist (Father of Modern Hemipterology) - From
materials collected by Carl Semper.
1870-1871 Earliest report on Philippine Hymenoptera by F. Smith.
 YEAR MILESTONE
Candeze - Belgian entomologist first described Philippine Elaterids
1875
(Coleoptera).
Stal published - Orthoptera Nova ex Insulis Philippines - first report on
1877
Philippine Orthoptera also derived from Semper’s collection.
C. R. Osten-Sacken first report on Diptera from the Philippine Islands
1882
brought home by Dr. Carl Semper.
Ramon Jordana’s Bosquejo geografica e histrico-natural del archipelago
1885 Filipino published in madrid a general work on zoology which included
insects, the first of its kind by a resident worker.
George Semper, brother of Carl Semper, German entomologist
published Die Schmitterlings der Philippinischen der inseln;
1886-1892
Rhopalocera. First extensive publication on Philippine
Lepidoptera.
Domingo Sanchez y Sanchez - assistant zoologist in the Government
1890
Forestry Service published a paper on the coffee longhorn borer.
1891 Odonates des Philippines by French Baron de Selys-Longchamps
 YEAR MILESTONE
Boletin Oficial Agricola de Filipinas _ monthly issue on Agronomica Service _ contains
1894-1896
general articles on insects of economic importance.
Jose Sanchez first study on the white grub, Leucopholis irrorata, as published on
1894
monthly issue of the Agronomical Service.
Francisco Alvarez - ecology and control of migratory locust - first comprehensive
1895
description on locust ecology.
Publication of Dominican Father Castro de Elera - Catalogo sistematico de toda
lafauna de Filipinas conocida hasta el presente (3 volumes) _ an extensive work on
1895-1896
Philippine Fauna which included several pages on Philippine insects- this is one of the
two works done by local residents during the period
1896 Baer Catalogue of Philippine Coleoptera. Also from Semper Collection
George Semper’s second publication on Philippine Lepidoptera: Heterocera both
1896-1902
milestones in Philippine entomology.
Lepidopteran der Inseln Palawan by Otto Staudinger who sent collectors to the
1899
Philippines for materials in this publication
Early American Occupation (1900-1920)
YEAR MILESTONE
1902 Bureau of Agriculture organized. Control of migratory locust became one of its
important activities.
First time that a microbial agent, a fungus, was used for the control of migratory
locust.
Charles S. Banks _ an American, was the first government entomologist in the
Philippines _ published on various aspects of economic entomology (including
medical entomology and systematics). Also organized entomology section in the
Bureau of Government Laboratories (late Bureau of Science, recently National
Institute of Science and Technology. Later became Department Head, Entomology
Department, UPCA
1903-1905 Father William A. Stanton and Father Robert E. Brown as sideline to their regular
duties in Manila Observatory published various notes on insects in the monthly
bulletin of the Weather Bureau.
1904 Pests of cacao published by Banks.
1906 Founding of the Philippine Journal of Science where most of the taxonomic work
on Philippine insects were published especially during the early American period.
YEAR MILESTONE
Philippine Agricultural Review (later Philippine Journal of Agriculture (1930) now
Journal of Plant Industry (1963) founded. Most of the applied work in entomology of
1907 the Bureau of Agriculture were published in this journal.
First extensive publication on mosquitoes of the Philippines by C. Ludlow.
Department of Entomology established with the U.P. College of
1908 Agriculture. First headed by E. M. Ledyard.
D. D. Mackie _ Chief entomologist of the Plant Pest Section of the Bureau of
1909 Agriculture tested arsenical sprays for plant pest control.
Entomology section of the Bureau of Agriculture organized. Plant Industry Division
1910 first headed by C. R. Jones and then succeeded by D. B. Mackie.
Philippine Agriculturist and Forester founded where entomological findings by staff of
1911 the Department of Entomology at UPCA were published.
1912 Second Philippine Legislature ended the first Plant Quarantine Law, Act No. 2145.
Arrival of Charles F. Baker in the Philippines. Baker, who became Dean of the
College of Agriculture, UP in 1917. With the aid of the Cuban collector, Julian Valdez,
whom he paid out of his personal funds did more than any other individual to
augment our knowledge of Philippine insect fauna. He collaborated with 115 world
authorities resulting in the publication of 400 papers on Philippines insects
 YEAR MILESTONE
Mitzmain, M. S., found that surra, a disease of carabao is striated,
1913 transmitted by the common housefly, Tabanus stratus Fabricius. Mitzmain
was the first to establish veterinary entomology in the country.
Beekeeping using imported Italian bees first attempted in the Philippines _
C. H. Schultz.
Locust Act No. 2472 - enacted. This act conferred on the Bureau of
1915 Agriculture the power of directing and supervising the locust campaign all
over the country.
First Filipino instructor in entomology - Leopoldo B. Uichanco.
1916-1917 Catalogue of Philippine Coleoptera by W. Schultz published.
Mackie developed a process of fumigating cigars in partial vacuum to
1917
destroy beetles.
Introduction of Scolia manilae into Hawaii by Muir.
1918 L.B. Uichanco - first Filipino M. S. in entomology UPCA.
Otanes - elucidated biology of the beanfly - still a serious pest of legumes.
 YEAR MILESTONE
Plant Pest Section became a separate division of the Bureau of
Agriculture - with Gonzalo Merino as the first chief. This was
1919
reorganized into 3 sections in 1924, namely: Plant Quarantine,
Entomology and Plant Pathology.
(April 21) Hawaii Sugar Planter’s Association donated
PhP4,000.00 to the University to be utilized in the erection of an
1921
insectary in Los Baños for furthering entomological work in the
Philippines. First donation to the University from a private source.
Woodworth, H. E. - published the first comprehensive host-index
1921-1922
of insects injurious to Philippine crops.
RISE OF THE FILIPINO ENTOMOLOGISTS (1922-1960)
YEAR MILESTONE
Uichanco, Leopoldo B. - first Filipino to obtain a doctoral degree in entomology.
1922 Uichanco described new species of Psyllids - first Filipino to describe Philippine
insects.
Cendana reported biology of banana weevil, a serious pest of banana in the country.
Use of soap as an effective contact insecticide for the control of migratory locust.
1923
Soft yellow laundry soap found most effective.
Introduction of Opius humilis to control melon fly.
(March 8) Locust Scouting Act (Act 3163) was passed by the Philippine Legislature
1924 which provided PhP100,000.00 to locate and fight locusts later superceded by other
acts to include other pests.
1925 First time airplane was utilized in the control of migratory locust.
Report of G. O. Ocfemia on the transmission of the bunchy top of abaca virus by an
1926
aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa.
First report of insect transmission of a plant virus in the country.
Insecticidal properties of Derris in the Philippines by Castillo
 YEAR MILESTONE
1927 Use of Paris green as larvicide for mosquitoes by Manalang.
1928-1929 Introduction of biocontrol agents by UPCA, Dept. of Entomology.
1928 Distribution of life in the Philippines by Rickerson et al. recorded the number of
insects found in the Philippines at that time.
1929 Biology of the corn borer - Ostrinia furnacalis, still the most serious pest of corn
in the country was studied by C. Bulligan.
Studies on the effect of dry heat on weevils in corn and corn seed by E. M.
Paller.
Dammerman’s Agricultural Zoology of the Malay Archipelago included
unpublished data of Philippine insects from the Department of Entomology.
1931 De Mesa - Wood borer and lumber industry. The Makiling Echo. 10(1): 15-19.
First report on forest insects.
Extensive biological studies of the white grub Leucopholis irrorata done
separately by Uichanco and Otanes.
1932 Mutation studies on Philippine wild Drosophila by Clemente.
1933 First study on pesticide residue - amount of residual arsenic on vegetable crops
dusted and sprayed with arsenicals - J. N Samson.
 YEAR MILESTONE
Forest host plants of injurious insects in the Philippines.
1934-1935 The Makiling Echo 13(4): 245-250; 14(2): 93-
99 by De Mesa.
Russel and Baisas published the first illustrated key to the
1934 & 1936
Philippine Anopheles
First report on mites of crop plants in the Philippines by Fajardo
1934
and Bellosillo.
Cendana, first Filipino trained in biological control of insects.
1936 Uichanco theory on locust outbreaks in relation to sun spot cycle.
Report on the ecology of probable outbreak center of migratory
1939
locust by Uichanco
1941 Viado, first insecticide toxicologist in the Philippines
War Setback and Rebuilding (1941 –
1960)
YEAR MILESTONE
Introduction of organic insecticides in the Philippines with DDT used against
1946
houseflies and migratory locust.
Cendana and Baltazar reported on the cotton leafhopper - Empoasca bigutulla. First
1947
published report on entomology after World War II.
C. R. Baltazar, first Filipina with college degree major in entomology
Committee headed by Dr. S.M. Cendana to look into the postwar activities of
Philippine entomology.
Phil. Agriculture Vol. 1 by Uichanco and Sacay. Contain information on Philippine
1949
insect pests of crops.
1951 Checklist of ants of Asia by Chapman and Capco.
U.P. Los Baños - Cornell contract started with three American visiting professors
detailed in succession from 1954 to 1959 at the Department of Entomology (J. G.
1952 Mathyssee, R. W. Dean and B. V. Travis) - Work were largely on economic
entomology specifically chemical control. Young Filipinos were sent for graduate
training abroad (1954 – 1960).
YEAR MILESTONE
1954 First studies conducted on plant resistance to insects by S. M.
Cendana - using corn hybrid, and inbred strain against corn
earworm and corn borer.
1959 Extensive bibliography of Philippine entomology compiled for
the first time by R. M. Ela.
A list of plant pests of the Philippines with special reference on
field crops, fruit trees and vegetables by S. R. Capco.
Developments and Directions in the 60’s and 70’s (1961 –
1979)
YEAR MILESTONE
Entomology research in the Philippines further boosted especially on insects affecting
1960
rice with the establishment of the International Rice Research Institute.
1961 L. C. Rimando, the first Filipino acarologist spearheaded research on mites in the
Philippines.
1962 July 22 - Founding of the Philppine Entomological Society (now Philippine Association
of Entomologists, Inc.), the first entomological organization in the Philippines with S.
M. Cendaña as the first President.
1964 B. P. Gabriel, first Filipino insect pathologist.
International Symposium on the major insect pests of the rice pest by the
International Rice Research Institute.
1966 Publication of the Catalogue of Philippine Hymenoptera (with a bibliography 1758 –
1963) by C. R. Baltazar. The first catalogue of a major insect order done by a Filipino.
Delfinado published the first monographic treatment of Philippine mosquitoes except
Aedes.
YEAR MILESTONE
1967 First National Meeting of the Philippine Association of Entomologists held at the U.P.
College of Agriculture - August 12.
First National Symposium in Philippine Entomology - Nov. 25.
1968 Founding of the Philippine Entomologist, the first journal of entomology in the
Philippines by the Association of Philippine Entomologists (L. C. Rimando, first
editor).
1970 Illustrated keys to the Anopheles mosquitoes of the Philippine islands by
Cagampang and Darsie. A comprehensive key on the important group of insects of
medical importance.
1971 Mosquito Fauna of the Philippines by R. G. Basio - An extensive treatment on all
mosquito species reported in the Philippines with notation on the bionomics and
vector status of each species.
1976 National Crop Protection Center founded with Dr. F. F. Sanchez as first
Director.
1978 First Regional Meeting of the Philippine Association of Entomologists in Davao City -
February 17.
 QUESTIONS &
CLARIFICATIONS????
Laboratory # 2

Make a timeline on the developments of

Entomology today in the Philippines...

Prepare for a short quiz next Saturday...

THANK YOU AND
GOODLUCK!!!!