Presentation Topic: Concept of Safety and Risk Management

Presenters
1. Kiran Hayat 048
2. MehaK 051
3. Minhaj Ahmad 054
4. Muhammad Afaq 059
5. Rasheed Khan 083

Subject : Fundamental of Nursing (FON)

Department : BS Nursing
Institute : INS Sarhad University Peshawar
Teacher : Maam Kainat Sadiq & Uzma Akhtar
 Objectives
 Define Safety
 Describe the characteristics of safety
 Identify physical and microbial hazards
in environment
 Discuss various ways to minimize
hazards
 Objectives
 Discuss the assessment for environmental safety
 Identify physical and microbial hazards in the
hospital environment, which interfere with
patients safety
 Explain general preventive measures for safe
environment for health team members and
patients
 Using assessment, identify people at risk for
safety dysfunction
 DEFINITIONS
 Safety ma be define as freedom from Psychological and
Physical injury. It is a basic human which must be met.
(Potter and Perry, 2007)

 Risk is the probability/chance of exposure to danger, harm, or

loss.
 RISK
 Risk can be Acute, Intermediate, and Chronic.
 Acute: Leads quickly to a health crises like fall, electric
current, radiations.

 Intermediate: Cause a problem not too fast or slow. Like

elevated lipid, blood pressure, and obesity.

 Chronic: Behavioral risk like tobacco use, unhealthy diet use

and physical inactivity.
 SAFETY
 Safety refers to the condition of being protected from or
unlikely to cause danger, risk, injury.
 It encompasses measures taken to prevent accident and
harm, ensuring that individual can operate in
environment whether at work, home or in public
without facing unnecessary risks.
 It encompasses various aspects including physical,
emotional, psychological, and social well being.
 Safety involves various practices, regulations, and
awareness to reduce hazards and promote well-being.
 SAFETY
 It is an essential resource for everyday life,
needed by individuals and communities to realize
their aspirations.
 Safety in nursing is a commitment to providing
the best care to patients and caregivers while also
keeping the health care environment.
 Essentially, it’s about creating a secure
environment where people can feel confident and
protected from potential threats.
 Types of Safety
 There are various types of safety in health
associated places.
1.Patient Safety: Measures to prevent harm, injury, or
adverse outcomes to patients such as medication errors,
hospital acquired infections, and surgical complications.

2. Occupational Safety: Measures to protect healthcare workers

from workplace hazards, such as needle stick injuries, chemical
exposures, and physical violence.
 Types of Safety
1. Laboratory Safety: Measures to prevent accidents, injuries,
and exposure to hazardous materials in laboratory settings.

2. Radiation Safety: Measures to prevent exposure to ionizing

radiations, such as X-rays, gamma rays, and radioactive
materials.

3. Infection Control: Measures to prevent the spread of

infectious diseases, such as proper hand hygiene, sterilization,
 Characteristics of Safety
 Safety is an important concept with several key
characteristics.
• Protection from harm: The primary characteristic of safety is
the protection of individuals from physical, emotional, and
psychological harm. This includes preventing accidents,
injuries, and exposure to hazardous situations.

• Risk Management: Safety involves identifying potential risks

and implementing measures to mitigate or eliminate them. This
includes assessing hazards in various environments, such as
workplaces, homes, and public spaces.
 Characteristics of Safety
• Standards and Regulations: Safety is often governed by laws,
regulations, and standards that dictate acceptable levels of risk
and outline necessary precautions. Compliance with these
regulations is essential for maintaining safety.

• Awareness and Training: A key aspect of safety is educating

individuals about potential hazards and how to respond them.
Training programs help people understand safety protocols and
emergency procedures
 Characteristics of Safety
• Emergency preparedness: Safety includes being prepared for
emergencies. This involves having plans in place for various scenarios
(like fires, natural disaster, or medical emergency) and ensuring access to
necessary resources.

• Continuous Improvement: Safety is not a one-time effort but an

ongoing process. Organizations and individuals must continuously
evaluate and improve safety practices based on new information,
technologies, and feedback.
 Characteristics of Safety
• Standards and Regulations: Safety is often governed by laws,
regulations, and standards that dictate acceptable levels of risk
and outline necessary precautions. Compliance with these
regulations is essential for maintaining safety.

• Awareness and Training: A key aspect of safety is educating

individuals about potential hazards and how to respond them.
Training programs help people understand safety protocols and
emergency procedures
 Hazard
 A hazard is a situation, condition, or object that has the
potential to cause harm, injury, or adverse affects to the
patients.
 Hazards can be physical, chemical, biological, or psychological
in nature.

Physical hazards Microbial hazards

Physical Hazards
 Physical Hazards
 Extreme Temperature: High or low temperatures that can
cause heat stress, hypothermia, or frostbite.

 Noise Pollution: Loud noises that can cause hearing loss,

tinnitus, or other auditory problems.

 Vibrations: Vibrations from machinery or equipment that can

cause hand-arm vibration syndrome or other musculoskeletal
disorders.
 Physical Hazards
 Radiations: Ionizing or non-ionizing radiation from sources
such a X-rays machines, nuclear reactors, or ultraviolet (UV)
light.

 Electrical Hazards: Electrical shocks, electrocution, or

electrical arc flash from faulty wiring, equipment, or lightning
strikes.
 Physical Hazards
 Falls: Slippery surfaces, uneven terrain,, or falls from heights
that can cause injuries or fatalities.

 Confined Spaces: enclosed or partially enclosed spaces that

can cause asphyxiation, entrapment, or other hazards.

 Explosions: Chemicals, gas, or dust explosions that can cause

injuries, fatalities, or property damage.
Microbial Hazards
 Microbial Hazards
 Bacteria: Pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E.coli),
Salmonella, or Campylobacter that can cause food poisoning,
infections, or diseases.

 Viruses: Viruses such as influenza, norovirus, or rotavirus that

can cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, or other illnesses.
 Microbial Hazards
 Fungi: Fungi such as Aspergillus, Candida, or Histoplasma that
can cause respiratory, skin, or systemic infections.

 Parasites: Parasites such as Giardia, Cryptosporidium, or

Toxoplasma that can cause gastrointestinal, neurological, or
other illnesses.

 Prions: Infectious proteins that cause neurodegenerative

diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease or bovine
spongiform encephalopathy.
 Microbial Hazards
 Molds; Molds growth that can cause allergic reactions,
respiratory problems, or other illnesses.

 Waterborne Pathogens: Pathogens such as Legionella,

Pseudomonas, or Mycobacterium that cause waterborne
illnesses.

 Foodborne Pathogens: Pathogens such as Listeria, E.coli, or

Salmonella that cause foodborne illnesses.
 Various Ways to minimize Hazards
 Minimizing microbial Hazards
 Hand Hygiene: Encourage frequent hand washing with soap
and water, and provide sanitizer for situations where
handwashing is not possible.
 Proper Cleaning and Disinfection: Regularly clean and
disinfect high-touch surfaces, equipment, and environments to
reduce the spread of microorganisms.
 Sterilization: Sterilize equipment and supplies that come into
contact with patients or contaminated materials.
 Minimizing Microbial Hazards
 Personal Protective Equipment's (PPE): Provide and ensure
proper use of PPE, such as gloves, masks, and gowns, to
prevent exposure to microorganisms.
 Proper Waste Disposal: Ensure proper disposal of infections
waste, including sharps and biohazardous materials.
 Vaccination and Immunization: Encourage Vaccination and
Immunization against infections diseases such as Influenza and
Hepatitis.
 Surveillance and Monitoring: Conduct regular surveillance
and monitoring to detect and respond to microbial hazards.
 Minimizing Physical Hazards
 Safety Training: Provide regular safety training to employees
on physical hazards, such as falls, electrical shocks, and
equipment operation.
 Personal Protective Equipment's (PPE): Provide and ensure
proper use of PPE, such as hard hats, safety glasses, and steel-
toed boots, to prevent physical injuries.
 Fall Prevention: Implement fall prevention measures, such as
guardrails, handrails, and non slip surfaces to prevent falls.
 Minimizing Physical Hazards
 Personal Protective Equipment's (PPE): Provide and ensure
proper use of PPE, such as gloves, masks, and gowns, to
prevent exposure to microorganisms.
 Proper Waste Disposal: Ensure proper disposal of infections
waste, including sharps and biohazardous materials.
 Vaccination and Immunization: Encourage Vaccination and
Immunization against infections diseases such as Influenza and
Hepatitis.
 Surveillance and Monitoring: Conduct regular surveillance
and monitoring to detect and respond to microbial hazards.
Environmental Hazards
Hazards in Hospitals
Assessment For Environmental Safety
 Environmental safety assessment is a critical process to
identify, evaluate, and mitigate environmental hazards that can
impact human health, ecosystems, and the environment.

 Steps in Environmental Safety Assessment

 Identify potential hazards: Conduct a thorough walk- through
the units to identify potential environmental hazards.
 Assess the risk: Evaluate the likelihood and potential impact of
each identified hazards.
Steps In Environmental Safety Assessment

 Develop a plan: Create a plan to mitigate or eliminate each

identified hazard.
 Implement the plan: Put the plan into action, and ensure that all
staff members are aware of their roles and responsibilities.
 Monitor and Evaluate: Regularly monitor and evaluate the
effectiveness of the plan, and make adjustments as needed.
 Tools and Techniques for Environmental
Safety
1. Environmental hazard checklists: A standardized checklist to
identify potential environmental hazards.
2. Risk assessment matrix: A tool to evaluate the likelihood and
potential impact each identified hazard.
3. Safety Audit: A comprehensive evaluation of the units safety
policies, procedures, and practices.
4. Staff Surveys: Surveys to gather feedback from staff members
on environmental safety concerns.
Inventions For Environmental Safety
1. Infection Control Measures: Implement measures to prevent the
spread of infections, such as hand hygiene, proper use of personal
protective equipment (PPE), and sterilization of equipment.
2. Chemical Safety Measures: Ensure proper storage, handling,
and disposal of chemicals, and provide staff with training on
chemical safety.
3. Ergonomic Measures: Implement measures to reduce ergonomic
hazards, such as proper lifting techniques, use of mechanical lifts,
and regular breaks.
4. Emergency Preparedness: Develop and regularly update
emergency response plans, and conduct regular drills and training
exercise.
Physical and Microbial Hazards in the Hospital
Environment which Interfere with Patients Safety
 Physical Hazards
1. Slip, Trip, and Fall Hazards: Wet floors, uneven surfaces,
and obstacles can cause slips, trips, and falls.
2. Equipment-Related Hazards: Malfunctioning or poorly
maintained equipment, such as beds, wheelchairs, and infusion
pumps can cause injuries.
3. Fire Hazards: Electrical equipment, open flames, and
flammable materials can ignite fires.
Physical Hazards
 Electrical Hazards: Exposed wiring, faulty outlets, and
improperly used electrical equipment can cause electrical
shocks.
 Radiation Hazards: Ionizing radiations from diagnostic
equipment, such as X-ray machines and CT scanners, can cause
harms.
 Noise Hazards: Loud noises from equipment, alarms, and
construction can cause hearing loss and disrupt patient care.
 Temperature-Related Hazards: Extreme temperatures, hot or
cold, can cause discomfort, injury, or even death.
Microbial Hazards
 Nosocomial Infections: Hospital acquired infections, such as
Meth-calling-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA),
Clostridioides difficile (Codify), Vancomycin Resistant
Enterococci (VRE), can be caused by bacteria, viruses, and
fungi.
 Blood borne Pathogens: HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C can
transmitted through blood and bodily fluids.
 Airborne Pathogens: Tuberculosis, influenza, and Covid-19
can be transmitted through the air,
Microbial Hazards
 Waterborne Pathogens: Legionella, Pseudomonas, and other
bacteria can contaminate water and cause diseases.
 Foodborne Pathogens: Salmonella, E.coli, and other can
contaminate food and cause illness.
 Vector-borne Pathogens: Mosquitoes, ticks, and other vectors
can transmit diseases like Malaria, Dengue fever, and Lyme
disease.
 Fungal Contamination: Aspergillus, Candida, and other fungi
can contaminate surfaces, equipment and supplies.
Preventive Measures For Health Team
Members
 Immunization
• Ensure health team members are up-to-date on recommended
immunizations, including Influenza and Hepatitis B,
• Provide education on immunization benefits and risks.
 Occupational Health Service
• Provide occupational health services, including medical
surveillance and counseling.
• Ensure health team members are aware of available services.
Preventive Measures For Health Team
Members
 Stress Management
• Provide stress management resources, including counseling and
employee assistance programs.
• Encourage health team members to prioritize self-care and stress
management.
 Continuing Education
• Provide regular continuing education opportunities on patient
safety, infection control, and occupational health.
• Encourage health team members to stay current with best
Preventive Measures For Patients
 Infection Control
• Implement infection control measures, such as proper hand
hygiene, PPE, and cleaning and disinfection.
• Ensure patients are educated on infection control practices.
 Fall Prevention
• Assess patient for fall risk and implement fall prevention
measures, such as bed alarms and non-slip mats.
• Ensure patients are educated on fall prevention practices.
Preventive Measures For Patients
 Medication Safety
• Implement medication safety measures, such as barcode
scanning and medication reconciliation.
• Ensure patient are educated on medication safety practices.
 Pressure Injury Prevention
• Assess patients for pressure injury risk and implement pressure
injury prevention measures, such as regular turning and
positioning.
• Ensure patient are educated on pressure injury prevention
practices.
 Restrains

• These are devices like straps, belts, or handcuffs that physically

restrict a person’s movement.
• Restrains are productive devices used to limit the physical
activity of the client or a part of the body.
• The are often used in medical settings (like hospitals) to
prevent patient from injury themselves or staff, especially in
cases of agitation or aggression.
 Restrains
 Restrains can be classified as physical or chemical.
 Physical Restrains
• These are any mutual method or physical or mechanical device,
material, or equipment attached to the client’s body: they
cannot be removed easily and the restrict the clients movement.
Chemical Restrains
• These are the medications such as neuroleptics, anxyolyptics,
sedatives, and psychotropic agent used to control socially
disruptive behavior.
• The purpose of restrains is to prevent client from injuring self
or others.
People which are at risk because of safety
dysfunction

 High Risk Patients

 Pediatric Patients: Children are vulnerable to safety risks due

to their curiosity, lack of awareness, and developing cognitive
abilities.
 Geriatric Patients: Older adults are at high risk due to age
related cognitive and physical decline, polypharmacy, and
chronic health conditions.
High Risk Patients
 Cognitively Impaired Patients: Individuals with dementia,
Alzheimer’s disease, or other cognitive impairments are at high
risk due to their decreased ability to recognize and respond to
safety hazards.
 Patients with Sensory Impairments: Individuals with visual,
hearing, or other sensory impairments may be at high risk due
to their decreased ability to perceive and respond to safety
hazards.
Individual Risk Patients
 Medication Use: Patients taking multiple medications,
especially sedatives, anticoagulants, or medications with high
risk of adverse reactions are at increased risk.
 Chronic Health Conditions: Patients with chronic conditions,
such as diabetes, heart diseases, or respiratory diseases are at
increased risk due to their condition or treatment.
 Cognitive or Mental Health Conditions: Patients with
conditions like anxiety, depression, or psychosis may be at
increased risk due to impaired judgment or impulse control.
Individually Risk Patients
 Sensory or Physical Impairments: Patients with impairments,
such as blindness, deafness, or mobility limitations may be at
increased risk due to their decreased ability to perceive or
respond to safety hazards.
 Language Barriers: Patients with limited proficiency in the
dominant language of the health care setting may be at risk due
to communication difficulties.
 Cultural or Socioeconomic Factors: Patients with diverse
cultural backgrounds or with socioeconomic challenges may be
at risk due to difference in health beliefs, values, or access
resources.
References
 Christensen, B. L., & Kockrow, E. O. (2006). Foundations and
Adult Health Nursing.

 Craven, R.F., & Hirnle, C. J. (2003). Fundamental of Nursing

Human Health and Function. (4thed). New York: Lippincott.

 Potter, P.A & Perry, A.G (2007). Basic Nursing: Essential for
Practice. (6thed). St Louis Mosby.
References
 Roger Pressman, Osoftware Engineering: A PractitionerOs
Approacho, McGraw-Hill, (5thed), ISBN: 0-07-709677-0
(Chapter 6). Retrieved from
http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/A.Finkelstein/advmsc/15.pdf

 Faculty & Staff safety hand book, The Aga Khan University.

 JCIA International patient safety goals