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Class Notes - Parathyroid Disorders

Parathyroid disorders primarily involve abnormalities in serum calcium levels, with primary hyperparathyroidism being the most common cause of hypercalcemia in outpatients. This condition is characterized by excess parathyroid hormone leading to bone decalcification and kidney stones, and can be classified into primary, secondary, and tertiary types. Risk factors include menopause and vitamin D deficiency, with an incidence of approximately 25 cases per 100,000 people, and potential complications such as osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease.

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41 views18 pages

Class Notes - Parathyroid Disorders

Parathyroid disorders primarily involve abnormalities in serum calcium levels, with primary hyperparathyroidism being the most common cause of hypercalcemia in outpatients. This condition is characterized by excess parathyroid hormone leading to bone decalcification and kidney stones, and can be classified into primary, secondary, and tertiary types. Risk factors include menopause and vitamin D deficiency, with an incidence of approximately 25 cases per 100,000 people, and potential complications such as osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease.

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nikhilrajoria044
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PARATHYROID

DISORDERS
INTRODUCTION
 Disorders of the parathyroid glands most commonly
present with abnormalities of serum calcium.
 Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, the most
common cause of hypercalcemia in outpatients, are
often asymptomatic or may have bone disease,
nephrolithiasis, or neuromuscular symptoms.
Review of Anatomy and Physiology of Parathyroid Gland
FUNCTION:

 secrete parathyroid hormone(PTH,


parathormone).
-regulates the blood calcium level.
-PTH raises the blood calcium level by:

Increased calcium absorption from the


bones, kidney and intestine, which raises
the serum calcium level.
Increased serum calcium results in
decreased parathormone secretion,
creating a negative feedback system.
HYPERPARATHYROIDIS
M
Definition:
The presence of excess
parathyroid hormone in the body
resulting in disturbance of
calcium metabolism with increase
in serum calcium, characterized
by bone decalcification and the
development of renal calculi
(kidney stones) containing
calcium.
Classification:
Hyperparathyroidism can be a

primary

secondary and

Tertiary condition.
PRIMARY
HYPERTHYROIDISM
-In primary hyperparathyroidism, excessive
secretion of parathyroid hormones results
in increased urinary excretion of
phosphorus and loss of calcium from the
bones.

-The bones become demeneralized as the


calcium leaves and enters the
bloodstream.
Etiology

An adenoma of one of the parathyroid glands


- occurs two to four times more often in
women than in men and is more common in
people between 60 and 70 years of age.
Secondary
hyperparathyroidism
-In secondary
hyperparathyroidism, the
parathyroid gland secrete an
excessive amount of
parathyroid hormone in response
to hypocalcemia (low serum
calcium level)
Etiology
vitamin D deficiency,
chronic renal failure,
large doses of thiazide diuretics,
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism

- If the parathyroid glands


continue to produce too much
parathyroid hormone even
though the calcium level is back
to normal, the condition is called
“tertiary hyperparathyroidism”.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Parathyroid glands help to regulate calcium levels in the body


if calcium levels are low

Parathormone levels increase and vice versa

Parathormone regulates calcium by influencing absorption in


the GI tract, excretion in the urine and release from the
bones
If too much parathormone is released, calcium regulation
is disrupted

Calcium level in the blood increase

Calcium from bones enter blood stream causing blood to


have too much calcium

Results in high blood pressure and kidney stones


RISK FACTORS

Are a woman who has gone


through menopause.
Have had prolonged, severe
calcium or vitamin D deficiency,
because vitamin D helps body
absorb the calcium in
bloodstream.
INCIDENCE:

Its incidence is approximately 25


cases per 100,000 people. The
disorder is rare in children
younger than 15 years, but its
incidence increases between the
ages of 15 and 65 years.
COMPLICATION:
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM:
Osteoporosis
Kidney stones
Cardiovascular disease
Neonatal hypoparathyroidism:
severe untreated
hyperparathyroidism in pregnant
women may cause dangerously
low levels of calcium in newborn

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