AMPLITUDE MODULATION

AND
FREQUENCY MODULATION
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Interpret necessity of the given type of
modulation technique.
2. Compare the working of the given type of AM
generation technique
3. Describe with sketches the given parameters
of AM signal.
4. Calculate modulation index and power
distributions of the given AM signal.
5. Describe with sketches the specified
parameters of FM and PM signal.
6. Calculate/ Find modulation Index of given FM
signal.

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 CONTENTS
 2.1 Need for modulation  2.3 Frequency
 Types of Modulation Modulation
techniques  Representation of FM in
 2.2 Amplitude Modulation: time domain
 Mathematical
 Representation of FM in
representation of AM wave
 Modulation
frequency domain
Index,
 Frequency deviation ratio
Bandwidth requirement
 Representation of AM in  Modulation index
time domain.  Mathematical
 Frequency spectrum in AM representation of FM
wave wave
 Total power relation in AM-
 Bandwidth requirements
derivation and simple
 Types of FM – Narrowband
numerical
 Power in side bands- and Wideband
derivation and numerical.  2.4 Phase Modulation
 Types of AM- DSB, SSB and
VSB
Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 2.1
MODULATION
Baseband signal (information signal) is a low
frequency signal and cannot travel long
distances.
I need to
reach Mary’s
place in 10
minutes…also
it is far… what
to do???

Tim

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 ….2.1
MODULATION
Just like Tim cannot Just like Tim rides a bicycle to
walk at longer reach Mary’s house; information
distances, information signal takes the help of a high
frequency carrier to be
signal cannot travel a
transmitted to longer distances.
longer distance.
Baseband
signal
Information
signal
Low
frequency
signal
(Tim)

High
frequen
Baseband Modulated cy
signal signal carrier
Information (Tim riding a signal
signal bicycle) (Bicycle
Low
Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur ) Communication
22334 – Principles of Electronic
 ….2.1 MODULATION
Modulation is the process of superimposing a low frequency signal on a high
frequency carrier wave.

Signals involved in modulation

Low frequency
information
signal
(Modulating
signal)

Modulate
d Signal

High
frequency
Carrier
wave
Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 MODULATIO
N
Modulation is the process of superimposing a
baseband signal on a high frequency carrier wave.

Modulation is the process in which some parameter

of the high frequency carrier (amplitude, frequency
or phase) is varied in accordance with the
modulating signal.
Why do 1
we Reduction the height of antenna
need
modulati 2
on??? Avoid mixing of signals

3
Increase the range of communication

4
Multiplexing is possible

5
Improves quality of reception
Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 …2.1
Need for modulation MODULAT
1. Reduction in height of antenna ION
• For efficient transmission & reception,
height of antenna
• h=
• But, , Hence,
Without Modulation With Modulation
 To transmit a baseband  Now consider baseband
signal of f=10KHz, height of signal is modulated to
antenna required is,
f=1 MHz, height of
= antenna required is,
=
= 7.5km
= 75 meters
This antenna height is
practically impossible to install. This antenna height can be
practically installed.
Thus we can conclude that due to modulation, antenna height
requirement is reduced.
 MODULATIO
Need for modulation
N
2. Avoid Mixing of signals
 If the baseband signals
are transmitted, then
all signals will be in the
same frequency range
20Hz to 20KHz.
 Thus all signals will be
mixed and the receiver
cannot separate them.
 But modulation
technique uses
different carrier
frequency and
separates each
channel from each
other.

Thus, use of different carrier frequencies in modulation avoids

mixing of signals.
 ….2.1
Need for modulation MODULATION
3. Increases range of
communication
 Baseband signals being
low frequency signals,
cannot travel a longer
distance and are
suppressed.
 This suppression or
attenuation of signals is
reduced by increasing
transmitted signal
frequency, so they can
travel longer distances.
 So, as transmitter
frequency increases, the
range of communication
also increases.
Thus, use of higher carrier frequencies in modulation increases the
range of communication.
 ….2.1
Need for modulation MODULATION
4. Multiplexing is
possible
 Multiplexing is the
process in which more
than one signals can be
transmitted over the
same channel
simultaneously.
 This is possible only with
modulation.
 In multiplexing, same
channel is used by many
signals without mixing.
Thus, use of different carrier
frequencies in modulation
makes multiplexing possible.

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur

22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 ….2.1
MODULAT
Need for modulation
ION
5. Improves quality of
reception
 In modulation,
modulating signal is
mixed with carrier at
transmitter side.
 In demodulation at
the receiver,
modulating signal is
recovered from the
carrier.
 The quality of this
demodulated signal is
noise
Thus free
reduction if proper
of noise in modulation improves
technique is utilised.
the quality of reception.
 No external unwanted
Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur
22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 TYPES OF MODULATION
Modulation

Continuous
Wave
Pulse Modulation
modulation
(Analog)
Analog Digital
Amplitude
Pulse Pulse
Modulation
Modulatio Modulatio
(AM)
n n
Frequency
Modulation PAM PCM
(FM)
Phase
Modulation PWM DM
(PM)

PPM ADM

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 INTRODUCTION
 Amplitude modulation or AM as it is often
called, is a form of modulation used for radio
transmissions for broadcasting and two way
radio communication applications.

 Although one of the earliest used forms of

modulation it is still used today, mainly for
long, medium and short wave broadcasting
and for some aeronautical point to point
communications.

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 2.2 AMPLITUDE MODULATION
 The first amplitude modulated signal was
History
transmitted in 1901 by a Canadian
engineer named Reginald Fessenden. He
took a continuous spark transmission and
placed a carbon microphone in the
antenna lead.
 The sound waves impacting on the
microphone varied its resistance and in
turn this varied the intensity of the
transmission. Although very crude, signals
were audible over a distance of a few
hundred metres, although there was a
rasping sound caused by the spark.

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 2.2.1 AMPLITUDE MODULATION THEORY
Amplitude Modulation (AM) is the
Principle

process of changing the amplitude of a

high frequency carrier signal in
proportion with the instantaneous
value of the modulating signal
(information).
 …..2.2.1 AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Information in the AM
Observation
signal is contained in
s: The frequency and the amplitude
the phase of the variations of the
carrier remain carrier of the envelope
constant

The frequency of
Instantaneous
the sinusoidal
amplitude of the carrier
carrier is much
is changed in
higher than the
accordance with the
modulating signal
modulating signal
Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 …..2.2.1 AMPLITUDE MODULATION

https://academo.org/demos/amplitude-modulation/

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 ……2.2.2 AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Mathematical Representation of AM wave

Mathematical
Representation of AM
wave

Frequency
Time Domain
Domain
Description
Description

Graph of
Graph of Amplitude on Y-
Voltage on Y-axis axis
Time on X-axis Frequency on X-
axis
Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 ……2.2.2 AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Mathematical Representation of AM wave

Consider a sinusoidal modulating signal or message

signal (em) of frequency (ωm) and amplitude (Em) given
by:
em = Em sin ωmt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . (1)

and carrier wave (ec) of frequency (ωc) and amplitude (Ec)

given by:
ec = Ec sin ωct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . (2)

Where,
em is the modulating signal or message signal
ec is the carrier signal
Em is the maximum amplitude of the message signal
https://electronicscoach.com/amplitude-modulation.html
Ec is the maximum amplitude of the carrier signal
ω isGiri,
Ms. Kavita theLecturer
frequency of the
(ET), GRWP, Laturmessage signal
22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 ……2.1.1 AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Mathematical Representation of AM wave

The AM wave is expressed by the following expression,

eAM = A sin (2πfct) …………………………………………. (3)
Where, A represents the instantaneous value of the
envelope.
The modulating signal either adds or gets subtracted
from the peak carrier amplitude Ec.
Hence we can represent the instantaneous value of
envelope as, A = Ec + em
= Ec + Em sin ωmt ………………………………………….(4)
Hence the AM wave is given by,
eAM = A sin (2πfct)
eAM = [Ec + Em sin (2πfm t)] sin (2πfct)
eAM = Ec [1 + (Em/Ec)sin (2πfm t)] sin(2πfct)

e = E [1 + m sin (2πf t)] sin (2πfct)……………(5)

Let m=
AM
Em/E
c
c be the modulation index.
m

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 ……2.1.1 AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Modulation Index or Modulation Factor

In AM wave, the modulation index (m) is defined as,

It is the ratio of amplitude of modulating signal to
the carrier signal
m=

It is also called as modulation factor, modulation co-

efficient or degree of modulation.
If the modulation index is expressed as percentage, it is
called as ‘percentage modulation’
%m = x 100

Note that ‘m’ is a dimensionless quantity.

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 EFFECT OF MODULATION INDEX

Perfec
t
Modul
ation

Value
of
Modul
ation
Under Index
Over -
- (m) Modul
modul ation
ation

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 ….EFFECT OF MODULATION INDEX
I. Perfect Modulation

Perfect-modulation occurs when the maximum amplitude of

the message signal or modulating signal is exactly equal to the
maximum amplitude of the carrier signal (Em = Ec).

The modulation index is the ratio of the maximum amplitude of the

message signal to the maximum amplitude of carrier signal.
For example, if the message signal maximum amplitude is 4 volts and
carrier signal maximum amplitude is also 4 volts, then the ratio of
modulating signal amplitude (4 volts) to the carrier signal amplitude (4
volts) is equal to 1.
Therefore, the modulation index in perfect-modulation is m = to one
equal
(m = 1).
100%

Perfect modulation causes no distortion

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (EC), Govt. Polytechnic, EC403E – Basics of Communication
 ….EFFECT OF MODULATION INDEX
II. Under Modulation

Under-modulation occurs when the maximum amplitude of the

message signal or modulating signal is less than the maximum
amplitude of the carrier signal (Em < Ec).

The modulation index is the ratio of the maximum amplitude of the

message signal to the maximum amplitude of carrier signal. For
example, if the message signal maximum amplitude is 2 volts and
carrier signal maximum amplitude is 4 volts, then the ratio of
modulating signal amplitude (2 volts) to the carrier signal amplitude (4
volts) is equal to 0.5. Therefore, the modulation index in under-
modulation is less than one (m < 1). m<
100%

Under modulation causes no distortion

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (EC), Govt. Polytechnic, EC403E – Basics of Communication
 ….EFFECT OF MODULATION INDEX
III. Over Modulation
Over-modulation occurs when the maximum amplitude
of the message signal or modulating signal is greater
than the maximum amplitude of the carrier signal (E m >
Ec).
The modulation index is the ratio of the maximum amplitude of the
message signal to the maximum amplitude of carrier signal. For
example, if the message signal maximum amplitude is 6 volts and
carrier signal maximum amplitude is 4 volts, then the ratio of
modulating signal amplitude (6 volts) to the carrier signal amplitude (4
volts) is equal to 1.5. Therefore, the modulation index in over-
modulation is greater than one (m > 1). m>
100%

Carrier wave
experiences 180°
phase reversals
Over-modulation causes severe distortion of the
waveform of the message signal
Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (EC), Govt. Polytechnic,
which
EC403E – Basics results in
of Communication
 ……2.1.1 AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Frequency Spectrum of AM wave

Consider the equation for AM wave,

eAM = [Ec + Em cos (ωm t)] cos (ωct)
eAM = Ec [1 + (Em/Ec)cos (ωm t)] cos (ωct)

As per the definition of modulation index, m= Em/Ec

eAM= Ec [1 + mcos (ωm t)] cos (ωct)……………(5)
Simplifying we get,
eAM= Ec cos (ωct) + m Ec cos (ωm t). cos (ωct)
………………(6)

For the second term we can use the following

identity:
2 cos A cos B = cos (A+B) + cos (A-B)
Therefore, equation (6) gets simplified as follows:
cos (ωct) + Upper
eAM= EcCarrier m cos(ωc+ ωm)t Lower
+ m cos(ω c- ωm)t
Sideband
Sideband
Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 ……2.1.1 AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Frequency Spectrum of AM wave

Carrier Upper Lower Sideband

Sideband
Observations:

The expression for AM wave shows that it consists of three

terms:

First term is nothing else but the unmodulated carrier

signal
The second term is a sinusoidal signal at frequency
(fc+fm).
This is the upper sideband (USB) with amplitude m
The second term is a sinusoidal signal at frequency (fc
- fm).
This is the lower sideband (LSB) with amplitude m .
 ……2.1.1 AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Frequency Spectrum of AM wave

Carrier Upper Lower Sideband

Sideband

Bandwidth of AM wave

The bandwidth of an AM
signal is the difference
between highest and lowest
frequency component.
Therefore,
BW = fUSB – fLSB
BW = (fc+fm) – (fc-fm)
BW = 2fm
The minimum bandwidth
requirement of the DSBFC AM
system is equal to twice the
Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Laturmodulating frequency.
22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 ……2.2.2 AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Total Power relation in AM wave

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 ……2.2.2 AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Total Power relation in AM wave

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 ……2.1.1 AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Total Power relation in AM wave

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Advantages of AM

1. AM transmitters are less complex.

2. AM receivers are simple, detection is easy.
3. AM receivers are cost efficient.
4. AM waves can travel a longer distance.
5. Low bandwidth.

Applications of AM

1. Radio broadcasting.
2. Picture transmission in a TV system.

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Disadvantages of AM

The AM wave is also called as ‘Double Sideband Full Carrier

(DSBFC)’ signal.
The main disadvantages of this technique are:

AM needs larger bandwidth

Power wastage takes place

AM wave gets affected by noise

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 AMPLITUDE MODULATION
1. AM needs larger bandwidth

• The carrier signal in the DSBFC

system does not convey any
information.
• The information is contained in
the sidebands only. But the
sidebands are images of each
other and hence both of them
contain the same information.
• All the information can be
conveyed by only one sideband.
• The bandwidth of DSBFC system
is 2fm. This is due to
simultaneous transmission of
both the sidebands, out of which
only one is sufficient to convey
all the information.
Thus the bandwidth of DSBFC is ‘double’ than actually
required.
Therefore DSBFC is a ‘bandwidth inefficient’ system.
Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 AMPLITUDE MODULATION
2. Power wastage due to DSBFC transmission

• As we know, the total power transmitted by an AM wave is

given by,
Pt = Pc + PUSB + PLSB
Pt = Pc + Pc + Pc ……………………………………(1)
Out of the three terms in eq.(1), carrier component does not
contain any information and one sideband is redundant.
So, out of the total power,
Pt = Pc + Pc + Pc
Pt = Pc (1 + + )
Pt = Pc (1 + )
Pt = Pc (1 + ),
the power wasted is given by,
Power Wastage = Pc + Pc
= (1+ )Pc

Thus the power in one sideband and carrier is wasted

when using ‘DSBFC system’
 AMPLITUDE MODULATION
3. AM wave gets affected by noise

Envelope is
• When a AM wave travels from the distorted
transmitter to the receiver over a due to
communication channel, noise gets noise
added to it.
• The noise will change the
amplitude of the envelope of AM in
a random manner.
• As the information is contained in
the amplitude variations of the AM
wave, the noise will contaminate
the information contents in the AM.
• Hence the performance of AM is
very poor in presence of noise.

Thus the noise immunity of AM is very low.

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 DOUBLE SIDEBAND SUPRESSED CARRIER
(DSBSC)
Drawback of DSBFC

• In the process of Amplitude Modulation, the modulated wave

consists of the carrier wave and two sidebands.
• The modulated wave has the information only in the
sidebands.
• Sideband is nothing but a band of frequencies, containing
power, which are the lower and higher frequencies of the
carrier frequency.
• The transmission of a signal, which contains a carrier along
with two sidebands can be termed as Double Sideband Full
Carrier system or simply DSBFC. It is plotted as shown in
the following figure. Such transmission is
inefficient.
Because, two-thirds of
the power is being
wasted in the carrier,
which carries no
information.
Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 DOUBLE SIDEBAND SUPRESSED CARRIER
(DSBSC)
Principle of DSBSC

• If this carrier is suppressed and the saved power is

distributed to the two sidebands, then such a process is
called as Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier system or
simply DSBSC.
• It is plotted as shown in the following figure.

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 DOUBLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER
(DSBSC) MODULATION
2.9.1 Principle of DSBSC

DSB-SC is an amplitude modulated wave transmission

scheme in which only sidebands are transmitted and the
carrier is not transmitted as it gets suppressed.

 The carrier does not contain any information

and its transmission results in loss of power.
Thus only sidebands are transmitted that Why
contains information. This results in saving of DSBS
power used in transmission. C
 This saved power can be inserted into the 2
sidebands. Hence, ensuring a stronger signal
that transmits over long distances. As during
suppression, the baseband signal does not get
affected in any way.
 As we know that transmission power and
bandwidth are the two important parameters
in a communication system. Thus, in order to
save power and bandwidth, DSB-SC
modulation technique is adopted.
Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 DOUBLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER
(DSBSC) MODULATION
2.9.2 Generation of DSBSC

• A product modulator generates a DSB-SC signal.

• The signal is obtained by the multiplication of baseband
signal x(t) with carrier signal cos ωct
• By frequency shifting property of Fourier transform-

• From the above equation, it is clear that only 2

components are present in the spectrum.
• These two are the two sidebands that are placed at +ωc
and -ωc.

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 DOUBLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER
(DSBSC) MODULATION
2.9.2 Generation of DSBSC

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 DOUBLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER
(DSBSC) MODULATION
2.9.3 Mathematical Expression of DSBSC

In order to get an exact an idea about the suppression of carrier

in DSB-SC system.
Consider the baseband or modulating signal,
x(t) = Ax cos (2πfxt)
and the carrier signal,
c(t) = Ac cos (2πfct)
The mathematical representation of the signal at the output of
the product modulator is given as-
s(t) = x(t).c(t)
Further,

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 DOUBLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER
(DSBSC) MODULATION
2.9.3 Mathematical Expression of DSBSC

The maximum frequency is fc + fx

The minimum frequency is fc – fx
As we know,
Bandwidth is given as
BW = fmax – fmin
BW = fc + fx – (fc – fx)
BW = 2fx

Thus, at the output, the DSB-SC wave contains

a signal whose frequency is twice the
frequency of the baseband signal.

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 DOUBLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER
(DSBSC) MODULATION
2.9.4 Carrier suppression in DSB-SC (Balanced Modulator)

• The carrier without any information content is

suppressed by a balanced modulator.
• Its principle of operation is such that,

When two signals of the different frequency

are passed through a non-linear resistance
then an amplitude modulated signal with the
Carrier
suppress
suppressed carrier is achieved at the output.
ion… • It can be a diode, JFET or BJT that possess
How???? non-linear resistance characteristic.
? • A non-linear device has the capability to
produce 2 sidebands with a carrier. But, a
balanced mode connection of 2 non-linear
devices produces a DSB-SC signal.

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 DOUBLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER
(DSBSC) MODULATION
2.9.5 Balanced Modulator using Diodes

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 DOUBLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER
(DSBSC) MODULATION
2.9.5 Balanced Modulator using Diodes

As we can see that the baseband input signal is applied at the

input of 2 diodes that are 180⁰ phase reversed with each other
through a centre tapped transformer.
Hence the input at D1,
v1 = cos ωct + x(t)
and input at D2,
v2 = cos ωc t – x(t)
At the output side tuned bandpass filter is obtained by parallel
connection of RLC circuit.
So, the current through D1 is given as

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 DOUBLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER
(DSBSC) MODULATION
2.9.5 Balanced Modulator using Diodes

Similarly,

the output voltage is given by

vo = i 1 R – i 2 R
On substituting the above-given value of i1 and i2 in the output
equation, we will have,
vo = R [2 a x(t)] (+ 4b x (t) cos ωct)]
Therefore, the output is,
vo = 2aR x(t) + 4bRx (t) cos ωct

modulating signal DSB-SC signal

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 DOUBLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER
(DSBSC) MODULATION
2.9.5 Balanced Modulator using Diodes

Thus, from the above expression, it is clear that output voltage

is a combination of modulating signal along with the DSB-SC
signal.
After the elimination of the modulating signal, the DSB-SC
signal is then passed to the LC bandpass and is received at the
output.
Thus we will have,

4bR x(t) cos ωct = K x(t) cos ωct

at the output.

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 DOUBLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER
(DSBSC) MODULATION
Advantages Disadvantages

1. It provides 100% 1. It involves a complex

modulation efficiency. detection process.
2. Due to suppression of 2. Using this technique it is
carrier, it consumes less sometimes difficult to
power. recover the signal at the
3. It provides a larger receiver.
bandwidth. 3. It is an expensive
technique when it comes
Applications to demodulation of the
signal.
1. During the transmission of
binary data, DSB-SC
system is used in phase
shift keying methods.
2. In order to transmit 2
channel stereo signals,
DSB signals are used in
Television and FM
broadcasting.
Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 SINGLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER
(SSBSC) MODULATION
2.10.1 Definition

Single sideband modulation (SSB) is an amplitude

modulation scheme in which only a single sideband is
transmitted through the channel.

• It is also known as SSB-SC which is an acronym for Single

Sideband Suppressed Carrier as it allows suppression of
one sideband and carrier completely.
• As we know, DSB-SC modulation technique generates an
output wave having twice the bandwidth as that of the
original modulating signal.
• So, in order to avoid doubling factor of bandwidth in such
modulation system, the SSB-SC modulation technique was
introduced.

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 SINGLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER
(SSBSC) MODULATION
2.10.2 Why is the suppression of a sideband allowed in SSB
modulation?

• The two sidebands of the modulated

signal are particularly related to each
other. In other words, we can say the
two sidebands carry similar
information.
• Thus, for the transmission of
information, we need only one
sideband.
• So, by suppressing one sideband
along with the carrier, no any
information is lost.
• Hence, the bandwidth requirement
also gets reduced to half and there
are chances for an accommodation
of twice number of channels using
the SSB modulation technique.

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 SINGLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER
(SSBSC) MODULATION
2.10.3 Mathematical Expression

Let the modulating signal be,

m(t) = Am cos (2πfmt)
and carrier signal
c(t) = Ac cos (2πfct)
As we have discussed the similar expression in DSB-SC
modulation. So, here we can write,

It is a combination of 2 sidebands,

However, we know that the DSB-SC amplitude modulated wave

requires a bandwidth of 2fm. But, due to the presence of single
sideband in SSB modulation, the bandwidth requirement is
reduced to half. Hence, bandwidth in case of SSB-SC amplitude
modulation wave is fm.
Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 SINGLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER
(SSBSC) MODULATION
2.10.4 Methods for generating SSB

Frequency
discrimination
method (Filter
method)
SSB Generation
Phase shift
method

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 SINGLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER
(SSBSC) MODULATION
2.10.4 Methods for generating SSB

1. Frequency discrimination method (Filter method)

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 SINGLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER
(SSBSC) MODULATION
2.10.4 Methods for generating SSB

1. Frequency discrimination method (Filter method)

 The balanced modulator employed here generates DSB-SC

amplitude modulated wave as its output.
 As the DSB output contains the two sidebands, and only
carrier component is suppressed, so sideband suppression
filter is needed further in order to eliminate one of the 2
sidebands.
 The filter characteristics should be such that, it must
have flat passband and should possess high
attenuation beyond the passband. So, to have such a
response, the tuned circuit must have a very high Q
factor.
 To have such a high Q factor it is needed that the difference
between modulating frequency and carrier frequency to be
high. There is no any practical way to achieve such a high
value.

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 SINGLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER
(SSBSC) MODULATION
2.10.4 Methods for generating SSB

1. Frequency discrimination method (Filter method)

 Thus, modulation at the initial stage is carried out at a low

frequency of about 100 KHz by the balanced modulator. After
this one sideband is suppressed by the filter. But, as the SSB
signal frequency is very low in comparison to transmitter
frequency. So, a balanced mixer and crystal oscillator are
employed in the circuit to boost the frequency of SSB signal
up to the level of transmitter frequency.
 Then the SSB signal is fed to a linear amplifier for further
amplification. The process of frequency boosting is
sometimes also termed as Up-conversion.
 Basically to eliminate unwanted sideband- LC, ceramic,
crystal or mechanical filter are used. Though ceramic or
crystal filters are low in cost but provides better results at
operating frequency above 1 MHz. Among all these
mechanical filters possess the best characteristics thus is
widely used.
Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 SINGLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER
(SSBSC) MODULATION
2.10.4 Methods for generating SSB

1. Frequency discrimination method (Filter method)

Advantages of Filter method:

1. It provides sufficiently flat and wide bandwidth.
2. By this method, we can have suitable sideband suppression.

Disadvantages of Filter method:

3. Frequency up-conversion at the end is necessary as the
system does not generate SSB at high frequencies.
4. Expensive filter increases the overall cost of the system.

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 SINGLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER
(SSBSC) MODULATION
2.10.4 Methods for generating SSB

2. Phase Shift Method

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 SINGLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER (SSBSC)
MODULATION
2.10.4 Methods for generating SSB

2. Phase Shift Method

The carrier signal Further, the
generated by the summing amplifier
carrier source is fed adds the output of
to the balanced the two balanced However, the 2
modulators. As the balanced modulator
modulator 1 or BM1
two balanced shifts the LSB by
after it is phase
modulator shifts +90⁰ and -90⁰, thus
shifted by 90⁰. Also,
the USB by +90⁰ cancels each other.
the modulating or
each, this
baseband signal is
generates a double
applied to thethe
Moreover, BM1. amplitude signal.
carrier is directly Similarly, BM2 also
fed to the Balanced generates a signal Hence at the output
modulator 2 or BM2, with both of summing
along with this a sidebands, but USB amplifier, we only
90⁰ phase shifted is shifted by +90⁰ have USB of SSB
modulating signal is while LSB is shifted signal.
also applied to the by -90⁰.
same.

Thus, at the output

of the two balanced BM1 generates USB
modulators, signals and LSB but both
consisting of 2 with a phase shift
sidebands are of +90⁰.
achieved.

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 SINGLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER (SSBSC)
MODULATION
2.10.4 Methods for generating SSB

2. Phase Shift Method

Advantages of Phase shift method:

1. It does not require a frequency up-conversion stage.
2. The modulating signal can be a low-frequency audio signal.
3. Switching between the sidebands is easier.

Disadvantages of Phase shift method:

4. The designing of phase shifting circuitry is complex.
5. It requires phase shifting to be accurate, which is a difficult
task.

Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication
 SINGLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER (SSBSC)
MODULATION
Advantages Disadvantages

1. It allows multiple signals to 1. Implementation of SSB

transmit. holds complex nature.
2. SSB technique requires 2. It is expensive.
less bandwidth as 3. SSB technique requires a
compared to DSB transmitter and receiver to
technique. be highly frequency stable.
3. Less power is consumed. As some slight change in
4. It allows transmission of frequency will deteriorate
the high power signal. the quality of the signal.
5. It provides less
interference to noise due Applications
to the reduction in
bandwidth.
1. It is needed in all such applications where power saving and
low bandwidth is required.
2. The technique is utilized in point to point communication.
3. It is also used in land and air mobile communication.
4. It also finds its applications in telemetry and radar
communication.
Ms. Kavita Giri, Lecturer (ET), GRWP, Latur 22334 – Principles of Electronic Communication