GOD’S PROPHETIC MESSENGERS

The three-part Hebrew Bible

The Law, Books of Moses, Pentateuch (Torah)
• Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy

The prophets (Nevi’im)

• The former prophets: Joshua, Judges, 1&2 Samuel, 1&2 Kings
• The latter prophets: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, The scroll of the twelve
(Amos, Hosea, Micah, Joel, Obadiah, Jonah, Nahum, Habakkuk,
Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi)

The Writings (Kethuvim) (written after exile)

• Psalms, Job, Proverbs
• Ruth, Song of Songs (Song of Solomon), Ecclesiastes, Lamentations,
Esther
• Daniel, Ezra-Nehemiah, 1-2 Chronicles
 What is a prophet?
• Prophet in Hebrew = navi (pl nevi’im)“One who is called” or
“one who announces”
• The prophet is a link between the people and god.
• This is a strong contrast to Canaanite practice of seeking
help from mediums who call up the dead.
• Their responsibility is to know and announce God’s will in
the immediate situation in a way that the original audience
can understand and respond to.
• Their job is to bring people back to obedience to the Torah,
and failing that, to specify the punishment for their
disobedience.
• There were some women prophets too (Miriam, Deborah,
Huldah, Noahdiah).
 Prophets and Prophecy
1. The prophet is a special kind of messenger from God
2. Prophets were present through the early and late stages
of the Old Testament
3. Moses was God’s first messenger
4. Prophecy became a literary movement as the sayings of
selected prophets were gathered and kept
5. “Former prophets” appeared in earlier times while the
“latter prophets” later
 Major Prophets versus Minor
Prophets
The difference is related to the length of the book and not
the importance of the prophet or his message
 GOD’S PROPHETIC MESSENGERS

A PROPHET was God’s mouthpiece or the

human instrument through which God declared
His message to men.

The primary term for the prophet in the Old

Testament is “nabhi.” The prophet (nabhi) spoke
a message on behalf of his superior, God. The
prophet was not the originator of the message,
but simply proclaimed it.
 The basic message of prophecy is Messianic,
centering in JESUS CHRIST.
Christ is the central subject of the prophetic Word.
However,
since Israel was the channel through which the
Messiah was to come, much of the prophets’
message is directed generally to life of the Messianic
nation rather than specifically to the Messianic
individual, who would come to deliver them.
Christ is the Messianic individual, and Israel is the
Messianic instrument. Statements about the individual
were predictive, related to Christ and the future.
Statements about the instrument were exhortative, moral
in nature, and spoke about Israel and her present.
 The Books of the Prophets address the
"classical" period of prophecy—during the later
years of the divided kingdoms of Judah and Israel,
throughout the time of exile, and into the years of
Israel's return from exile.
The 17 books that comprise the last section of the
Old Testament is commonly known as the Books
of Prophets who lived before 850 B.C…

However…
There have been prophets throughout every era
of God's relationship with mankind.
 The Prophets Did Not Begin With Elijah
or Even With Samuel…
• The first prophecy was about the coming of the Messiah, as was given by
GOD to Adam and Eve (Genesis 3:15).
• Enoch, the descendant of Adam, also prophesied about Christ’s coming
(Jude 14).
• Noah made predictions about his three sons (Gen. 9:25-27), and Jacob
(Gen. 37:6, 7).
• Joseph uttered prophesies (Gen. 49:10).
• The divine origin of the prophetic office is affirmed by Jeremiah who
reveals that it began with Moses (Jer. 7:25); Moses was considered a
prophet (Deut. 18:15), and he declared that God would raise up the
prophetic institution and that someday a great Prophet would rise (Deut.
18:9-22).
• There were other prophets between Moses and Samuel (Judges 6:8).
• Samuel, a prophet, started a school of prophets (1 Sam. 19:20).
• Perhaps the most famous pair of prophets in the Old Testament is Elijah (1
Kings) and his disciple Elisha (2 Kings).
 The New Testament Continues
the Line of Prophets…
• From John the Baptist (Matthew 11:9),
• Through Jesus (Deut. 18:15),
• And the “apostles and prophets” (Ephesians
2:20 who were the foundation of the early
church to the last of the prophets, John the
Apostle (Rev. 22:6, 9), who completed the
canon of Scripture (John 14:26 and 16:13).

Following is a chart of the seventeen prophetical books

with important features and in chronological order.
 BOOK MEANING DATE SCRIPTURE KINGS THEME
1. Obadiah Servant/Worshipper of 840-830 2 Kings 8-12 Jehoram, Ahaziah, Athaliah, Retribution
Yahweh Joash (S)
2. Joel Yahweh is God 830-820 2 Kings 12 Joash (S) Visitation

3. Jonah Dove 780-760 2 Kings 14 Jeroboam 2 (N) Commission

4. Amos Burden Bearer 755-750 2 Kings 14 Jeroboam 2 (N) Threatened

5. Hosea Salvation 760-710 2 Kings 14-17 Jeroboam 2, Zechariah, Estrangement

Shallum, Menahem, Pekahiah,
Pekah, Hoshea (N)

6. Isaiah Yahweh is salvation 740-690 2 Kings 15-21 Jotham, Ahaz, Hezekiah, Salvation
Manasseh (S)

7. Micah Who is like Yahweh 735-700 2 Kings 15-20 Jotham, Ahaz, Hezekiah (S) Arraignment

8. Nahum Compassionate 650-620 2 Kings 21-23 Manasseh, Amon, Josiah (S) Doom

9. Zephaniah Hidden by Yahweh 630-620 2 Kings 22-23 Josiah (S) Vindication

10. Habakkuk Embraced 620-605 2 Kings 22-24 Josiah, Jehoahaz, Jehoiakim (S) Justice

11. Jeremiah Established by Yahweh 6250585 2 Kings 22-25 Josiah, Jehoahaz, Jehoiakim, Warning
Jehoiakim, Zedikiah (S),
Nebuchadnezzar

12. Lamen. Grieving 585-580 2 Kings 25 Nebuchadnezzar Disconsolate

13. Ezekiel Strength 593-570 2 Kings 24-25 Zedekiah (S) Glory

14. Daniel God is my Judge 606-530 2 Kings 23-25; Ezra 1-4 Jehoiakim (S), Dominion
Nebuchadnezzar, Belshazzar,
Darius, Cyrus

15. Haggai Festal 520 Ezra 5-6 Zerbbabel, Darius 1 (Persian) Consider

16. Zechariah Remembered by Yahweh 520-480 Ezra 5-6 Zerubbabel, Darius 1, Xerxes Consummation

17. Malachi My Messenger 430-420 Nehemiah 13 Artaxerxes, Darius 2 Apostasy

N=Northern Kingdom S=Southern Kingdom
 Prophetic Drama

Isaiah: naked except for a

loin cloth paraded
through Jerusalem to
illustrate the city’s
imminent humiliation
and ruin.
 Prophetic Drama

Jeremiah: wore a yoke of

wood, then a yoke of
iron to symbolize the
coming Babylonian
oppression.
 Prophetic Drama
Ezekiel: Cooked food over human
excrement to symbolize the unclean
food the people will be forced to eat
in exile and he lay tied up and mute
for 190 days on one side & for 40
days on the other to symbolize the
number of years Israel and Judah
would be in exile.
 Oracles
• Prophetic writing is
frequently incoherent.
In other words, it’s easy
to get lost and often
impossible to link one
section to the next.
 Oracles
• Much of the prophetic
books are random
collections of individual
pronouncements called
oracles.
 Oracles
• Prophets are typically
shown to be looking
around them and
observing wrongdoing,
then speaking out about
it.
Five Kinds of oracles
1. Oracles denouncing bad religion (especially
idolatry and superficial worship)
2. Oracles denouncing social injustice (taking
advantage of the poor, dishonest weights
and measures, bribes)
3. Oracles calling for repentance
4. Oracles announcing destruction
5. Oracles promising restoration
 The broad meaning of the word PROPHECY
is to forth-tell; the narrow meaning is to
fore-tell.

In forth-telling God’s message to his day,

God’s prophet would often fore-tell what
God was going to do in the future.

Forth-telling involved INSIGHT into the

will of God; fore-telling entailed
FORESIGHT into the plan of God.

Forth-telling was EXHORTIVE, challenging

evil men to higher moral conduct; fore-telling
was PREDICTIVE, encouraging the righteous.
 Descriptions of a Prophet in the Bible
Description Scripture Why?
Man of God 1 Kings 12:22 Because he was chosen by God
Servant of 1 Kings 14:18 Because of his faithfulness to
the Lord the Lord
Messenger Isaiah 42:19 Because he was sent by God
of the Lord
Seer 1 Samuel 9:9 Because of his insight from God
Watchman Ezekiel 3:17 Because of his alertness for God
Prophet (the Many, including Because he was a speaker for
most common Deuteronomy God
description) 18:18
Deuteronomy 18:18
I will raise up for them a Prophet like you from among their brethren, and will
put My words in His mouth, and He shall speak to them all that I command Him.
 The Source of the Prophetic Message
Hebrews tells us that “in many and various ways God spoke
of old to our fathers by the prophets” (Hebrews 1:1).
Source of Prophetic Message Scripture
Dreams Genesis 37
Visions Daniel 7
Audible Voice 1 Samuel 3
Inner Voice Hosea 1; Joel 1, etc.
Previously Written Word Daniel 9
Angel Genesis 19
Nature Psalm 19
Miracle Judges 6:37
Although the earliest and most common means of delivering God’s message
was ORAL (the prophets literally spoke for God), sometimes the prophets
would give a VISUAL or WRITTEN message, at God’s command.
Significance of the Prophetic Message
The overall significance of
the prophetic message was
to show God at work, in
human history, to reveal that
history is HIS-story.

This same truth is vividly set forth in the teaching of Jesus

about the Kingdom of God.
Significance of the Prophetic Message

The prophets wanted to show

that history is going somewhere,
that it is heading for an Omega
point, unlike the cyclical view of
history promoted by eastern and
Greek thought.

This same truth is vividly set forth in the teaching of Jesus

about the Kingdom of God.
Significance of the Prophetic Message
Moral history does repeat itself; falling away
from God repeatedly leads to disaster and
destruction. History in the view of the
present was a moral process leading to the
messianic age in which the moral principles
laid down by God in the past and neglected
by His people in the present would be
brought to full social fulfillment in the future.

This same truth is vividly set forth in the teaching of Jesus

about the Kingdom of God.
 The Minor Prophets
1. Obadiah – “Servant of Yahweh” (845 BC)
2. Joel – “Yahweh is God” (830 BC)
3. Jonah – “Dove” (780 BC)
4. Amos – “Burden-bearer” (755 BC)
5. Hosea – “Salvation” (750-725 BC)
6. Micah – “Who is like the Lord?” (740-700 BC)
7. Zephaniah – “Yahweh Hides” (625 BC)
8. Nahum – “Consolation” (630-612 BC)
9. Habakkuk – “Embrace” (612-606 BC)
10. Haggai – “Festive or Festival” (520 BC)
11. Zachariah – “Whom Yahweh Remembers”
(520-518 BC)
12. Malachi – “My Messenger” (445-432 BC)
 Important Dates to
Remember
 975 BC – The Kingdom of Israel was divided
into two parts:
 The Northern Kingdom of Israel with Samaria as
its capital.
 The Southern Kingdom of Judah with Jerusalem
as its capital.
 722 BC – The Northern Kingdom of Israel
(Samaria) was destroyed by the Assyrians
under King Tiglathpileser III (2 Kings
15:29). As was the Assyrian custom, the
Israelites were deported to Assyria.
 586 BC – The Southern Kingdom of Judah is
taken captive and Jerusalem is destroyed
by the Babylonians under the rule of King
Nebuchadnezzar.
 Obadiah
• Obadiah means “servant of Yahweh”
• Date: Most likely 845 BC (2 Chronicles 21:8-
10,16-17)
• Message: Edom was to be destroyed for its
cruelty and pride (vs. 3-4)
• History: Edomites were descendants of Esau
(Genesis 36:6-9). Struggle began in the
womb (Genesis 25:21-28). Always had a
“rocky” relationship with Israel.
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NASA PHOTO
INDEX
 “The pride of your
heart has deceived
you, you who dwell
in the clefts of the
rock, whose
habitation is high;
you who say in your
heart, ‘Who will
bring me down to
the ground?’
Though you ascend
as high as the eagle,
and though you set
your nest among the
stars, from there I
will bring you
down,” says the
Lord. – (Obadiah 3-4)
 Joel
• Joel means “Yahweh is God.”
• Probably around 830 BC.
• Message: Warning to Judah that “the
day of the Lord is at hand, and as a
destruction from the Almighty shall it
come” (1:15). A plague of locusts covers
the land and strips every living green
thing bare (vs 7). This message is
brought during the reign of Joash (835 –
796 BC).
A Swarm of Locusts
 A
Cornfiel
d
Destroy
ed
by
 Jonah
• Jonah means “Dove”.
• Probably around 780 BC.
• Message: God cared for all
nations of the earth, and He was
willing to save even the heathen
nation of Assyria if they would
repent. God wanted all men to
recognize Him as the One True God.
 Amos
• Amos means “burden-bearer”.
• Probably around 755 BC.
• Messenger: Amos was a herdsman and a
dresser of sycamore trees, a strong rural
character (7:14-15).
• Message: A message of doom for both
Israel and Judah. Each were given some
rest from the threats of Assyrian invasion.
In this state of comfort, moral and
political corruption began to flourish.
They began to adopt the worship of the
gods of the Assyrians, and thus of
apostasy from the One True Jehovah. In
short, luxury and wealth had bred moral
decay and spiritual disinterest.
 Hosea
• Hosea means “salvation”.
• Probably around 730 BC.
• Messenger: Hosea was probably a
citizen of the northern kingdom of Israel.
He appears to be a sympathetic man
who mourns the digression of Israel and
laments their pending fall. At the same
time he is filled with a righteous
indignation over their departure from
the one true God. His work reflects these
moments of sympathy and indignation.
 Baal
Baal is Worship
mentioned widely in the
Old Testament as the primary pagan
idol of the Phoenicians, often
associated with the heathen goddess
Ashtaroth. This photo shows Baal's
fictitious image from an ancient
stone carving. He was the supposed
son of the non-existent god Dagon.
Unfortunately, to their eventual bitter
regret, the Israelites became deeply
involved in the cult of the Baals. The
evil "worship" included perverted
sexual behavior, and even sacrificing
their infants in fire.
 Micah
• Micah means “Who is like the Lord?”.
• Dated from anywhere between 740 – 700
BC.
• Messenger: Micah was from a very rustic,
productive, fertile and agricultural area
called Moresheth-gath (1:1,14) which was a
small village on the border between Judah
and Philistia. The village was about 25
miles southwest of Jerusalem. With the
viewpoint of the humble peasant from an
obscure village he harshly condemns the
idolatry, the impiety, and the social
corruption of both Judah and Samaria.
Using vivid terms, Micah serves as the voice
of God to all.
 Micah
• Message: In common with all the eighth
century prophets, Micah preached the
supreme righteousness of God in
contrast to the ungodly character of the
luxury-loving age in which they lived. In
contrast with the destruction which shall
be visited upon the wicked nations of
that age, God will bless and keep those
who continue to be his servants. Micah
declares the nature of true service which
God has always sought (6:6-8). There is
also a considerable amount of Messianic
prediction, comparable to that of Isaiah.
Present Day
Bethlehem
 Zephaniah
• Zephaniah means “Yahweh hides”.
• Probably around 625 BC .
• Messenger: Zephaniah wrote during
the reign of Josiah who was a young
king trying to reform the sinful nation
after his father, Amon, and his
grandfather, Manasseh, brought the
religion and morality of Judah to an all-
time low. Zephaniah was the great-
grandson of Hezekiah, the last good
king prior to Josiah. This indicates that
he was a descendant of royal blood.
 Zephaniah
• Message: Zephaniah spells out the
judgment of God against all who are guilty
of idolatry (1:4-6), violence and fraud
(1:9), and all who sit by in idle
indifference (1:12). They will be set apart
for destruction (1:7), and their cry will be
heard in every quarter of Jerusalem (1:10-
11). The only hope for God’s people is to
seek Him, and begin living by His
standards. If they do not, they will share
the fate of the nations around them:
Philisita to the west, Moab & Ammon to
the east, Ethiopia to the south and
Assyria to the north. Jerusalem will be
punished for her sins (3:1-8), but a
remnant shall be saved (3:9-20).
 Nahum
• Nahum means “consolation”.
• Dated anywhere from 630 to 612 BC .
• Messenger: We know nothing definite
regarding Nahum other than this
prophecy. There is no indication as to
where and Elkoshite would come from.
• Message: This prophecy deals directly
with the impending destruction of
Nineveh. The book declares the
reasons for this destruction and shows
that the fall is God’s vindication
against this wicked place.
Present Day Nineveh
 Habakkuk
• Habakkuk means “embrace”.
• Date: Assyria fell to the Babylonians in
612 BC and Nebuchadnezzar pushed
westward toward Judah. The first group of
captives were carried away in 605 BC., so
the date of this writing would fall
somewhere between 612 to 606 BC.
Habakkuk was waiting for the invasion
(3:16)
• Messenger: We know nothing about
Habakkuk except that he was a prophet
(1:1; 3:1). He is mentioned nowhere else
in the scriptures. We do not know his
home or occupation
 Habakkuk
• Message: This prophecy is a bit different in its
style of writing. Where most of the literary
prophets address the people speaking the
words of God unto them, Habakkuk presents
his writing as a representative of the people,
addressing God to reason with him about His
ways. His first problem is how to account for
the fact that social injustice and immorality
prevail in the land and the evil-doers seem to
go unpunished. God tells him that
chastisement will come from the Chaldeans
who are being raised up for that very purpose.
Habakkuk does not see the justice in this act
and questions God again on his ways. God
replies that the Chaldeans, too, will be judged
for all their sins. The book ends in Habakkuk’s
song of praise to God for his complete justice
and mercy.
 Haggai
• Haggai means “festive” or “Festival”.
• Date: Precisely dated at 520 BC.
During the reign of Darius, the Persian
king (1:1)
• Messenger: We know nothing of
Haggai except that he was a prophet
during the reconstruction of Jerusalem
(Ezra 5:1-2; 6:14-16). Since he
contrasts Solomon’s Temple with the
Temple built by Zerubbabel, some
commentators view him as an old man
who had witnessed the existence of
both buildings. This may or may not
be true.
 Zechariah
• Zachariah means “whom Yahweh
remembers”.
• Date: Zechariah began prophesying two
months after Haggai in 520 to 518 BC.,
and his last recorded words date some
two years after the completion of Haggai.
• Messenger: Zechariah was of the priestly
tribe (Nehemiah 12:12-16), and he
returned to Jerusalem in the migration
led by Zerubbabel (Nehemiah 12:1,4,16)
around 536 BC. After his work, we are
told nothing about him.
 Zechariah
• Message: Zechariah is the longest of
the minor prophetic books and is also
regarded as the most difficult to
interpret. In addition to motivating
the people to complete the temple,
Zechariah opens a window of
enlightenment regarding the spiritual
temple of God which would one day
be established upon the earth with
the coming of the Messiah. There are
many messianic prophecies found in
Zechariah and much of the teaching
done by the prophet is done by the
relating of visions sent to him by God.
 Malachi
• Malachi means “My messenger”.
• Date: 445 – 432 BC.
• Messenger: Uses a different writing
style called “didactic-dialectic”. This
style became common in later teaching
in Jewish schools and synagogues.
Malachi follows this form:
– A charge or assertion is made
– The hearer raises an objection or asks a
question regarding the charge or assertion
– A rebuttal is made with further amplification
of the original charge or assertion
 Malachi
• Message: The Jews had started the
return to Jerusalem almost 100 years
before the date of Malachi’s writing.
They returned with great zeal and
enthusiasm and renewed faith. God
had conditionally promised to bless
them but instead of prospering
materially they had suffered distress
and famine resulting in a weakened
faith. They murmured against God’s
justice and manifested skepticism.
Malachi assures them that God loves
them and that sincere service would
bring increased blessing. God had not
been unfaithful.
 Messianic Prophecies
• Isaiah 9:6-7 – Someone GREAT is to come!
• Zechariah 9:9-10 – The Messiah would be
a King over a huge kingdom. He would
make a triumphal entry into Jerusalem
riding upon a donkey and leading a colt,
the foal of a donkey.
• Amos 9:11 – He would once again exalt
the Throne of David.
• Micah 5:2 – He would be born in
Bethlehem.
• Isaiah 7:14 – He would be born of a
virgin.
 Messianic Prophecies
• Zechariah 11:12; 13:7 – He would see
violence & His price would be 30 pieces
of silver.
• Jeremiah 31:15 – The murder of the
innocent children of Bethlehem would
occur in an attempt to kill the Christ.
• Jeremiah 31:31 – The Law of Moses
would be replaced with a New Covenant.
• Malachi 3:1; 4:5-6; Isaiah 40:3-5 – The
Messiah would be announced by a
forerunner who would possess the spirit
of Elijah.
• Isaiah 53 – Details of His death.
Messianic Prophecies
• Isaiah 11:1-2 – To be of the House of
David.
• Daniel 9:25 – The time of His birth.

According to Henry Liddon,

there are 332 prophecies
fulfilled in Christ. The
mathematical probability of all
these prophecies being fulfilled
in one man is 1 out of 84
followed by 97 zeros. (Joseph P.
 The Books of Law laid the
FOUNDATION for Christ by the
ELECTION, in
GENESIS…
By REDEMPTION, in
EXODUS…
By SANCTIFICATION, in
LEVITICUS…

By DIRECTION, in
NUMBERS…
And, by INSTRUCTION of the
nation through which the
Messiah was to come, in
DEUTERONOMY…
 In the Books of History, the
PREPARATION was made for
Christ by giving Israel the Holy
Land for their POSSESSION in
JOSHUA…

Despite the OPPRESSION

of foreign powers in
JUDGES…
Due to Israel’s sin, there
remained DEVOTION
within the nation in
RUTH…
God gave STABILIZATION to
the nation under king Saul in
1 SAMUEL…
 God gave EXPANSION under
king David in
2 SAMUEL…
And GLORIFICATION of
the nation during Solomon’s
reign in
1 KINGS 1-10…
With Solomon’s death came the
DIVISION of the nation, Israel
to the north and Judah to the
south, in
1 KINGS 11-22…
Both suffered DETERIORATION
and final DEPORTATION by
foreign powers in
2 KINGS…
 Likewise, the Temple suffered
DEPRIVATION in
1 CHRONICLES…
And finally DESTRUCTION at
the hands of the Babylonians in
2 CHRONICLES…
But, God was faithful in the
RECONSTRUCTION of the
Temple, in EZRA…

The RESTORATION of the

nation in NEHEMIAH…

And, the PROTECTION of His

people in ESTHER…
The holy nation returned to the Holy
Land and preparation was made for
 Meanwhile, there was
ASPIRATION for Christ in the
POETICAL (WISDOM)
BOOKS…

Whereas the BOOKS OF

LAW
laid down the MORAL basis for
the people of God
and the
BOOKS OF HISTORY
provided the NATIONAL
framework,

the
BOOKS OF POETRY
revealed their SPIRITUAL
aspirations.
 The implicit longing for what
Christ alone would provide was
fivefold:

In JOB the aspiration is for

MEDIATION by God…

And in PSALMS for

COMMUNION with Him…

Solomon’s aspiration for

WISDOM in PROVERBS…

For UNION in love in the

SONG OF SONGS…
And for SATISFACTION in
ECCLECIASTES…
Completes the spiritual longings of Israel for
what was to be provided through Jesus Christ.
 The Books of Prophecy look
forward to Christ in
EXPECTATION.
The earlier prophets HOSEA,
JOEL, and AMOS expect a
NATIONAL RESTORATION
by the Messiah…

ISAIAH and MICAH

predict INTERNATIONAL
SALVATION through the
coming of Christ…

But,OBADIAH, JONAH,
NAHUM, HABAKKUK
and ZEPHANIAH warn of
God’s RETRIBUTION ON
THE NATIONS.
LAMENTATIONS grieves
over God’s RETRIBUTION ON
HIS PEOPLE…
But, JEREMIAH looks for a
CONVENANTAL
REAFFIRMATION in Christ…

EZEKIEL expects the nation’s

RELIGIOUS RESTORATION…

And DANIEL predicts it’s

POLITICAL RESTORATION…

After the Babylonian captivity,

HAGGAI and
ZECHARIAH exhort the
people in their RELIGIOUS
RECONSTRUCTION...
And MALACHI in their
SOCIAL AND MORAL
RECONSTRUCTION...

As they await the

coming of the “sun
of righteousness
[that] shall rise,
with healing in its
wings
(Malachi 4:2).