PROJECTILE MOTION

Objectives
1.Deduce the consequences of the independence of
vertical and horizontal components of projectile
motion (STEM_GP12KIN-Ic-22)

2.Calculate range, time of flight, and maximum

heights of projectiles (STEM_GP12KIN-Ic-23)

Part 1. Part 2.

Free powerpoints at http://www.worldofteaching.com

Introduction
 Projectile
Motion:
Motion through the air without any forces apart from
gravity and air resistance.
Examples:
Practice: which of the following motions can be
described as “projectile motion?
 Falling coffee filter paper
 Rock thrown upward
 Baseball thrown forward
 Parachuter gliding down
 Ball on a rotating tabletop
 Satellite orbiting the earth
 Part 1.
Motion of Objects Projected
Horizontally
y
v0

x
y

x
y

x
y

x
y

x
y

•Motion is accelerated
•Acceleration
is constant,
and downward
• a = g = -9.81m/s2
•The horizontal (x)
component of velocity is
g = -9.81m/s2 constant
•The horizontal and vertical
motions are independent of
each other, but they have a
common time x
ANALYSIS OF MOTION
ASSUMPTIONS:
• x-direction (horizontal): uniform motion
• y-direction (vertical): accelerated motion
• no air resistance
QUESTIONS:
• What is the trajectory?
• What is the total time of the motion?
• What is the horizontal range?
• What is the final velocity?
Frame of reference: Equations of motion:
y
X Y
v0
Uniform m. Accel. m.
ACCL. ax = 0 ay = g = -9.81
h g m/s2
VELC. v x = v0 vy = g t

x DSPL. x = v0 t y = h + ½ g t2
0
 Trajectory
x = v0 t y
y = h + ½ g t2 Parabola, open down
Eliminate time, t h
t = x/v0
y = h + ½ g (x/v0)2 v01 v02 > v01

y = h + ½ (g/v02) x2
y = ½ (g/v02) x2 + h x
 Total Time, Δt Δt = tf - ti
y = h + ½ g t2
final y = 0 y

0 = h + ½ g (Δt)2
ti =0
Solve for Δt: h

Δt = √ 2h/(-g)

Δt = √ 2h/(9.81ms-2) tf =Δt
Total time of motion depends
only on the initial height, h x
 Horizontal Range, Δx
x = v0 t
y
final y = 0, time is
the total time Δt

Δx = v0 Δt h

Δt = √ 2h/(-g)

Δx = v0 √ 2h/(-g)
Δx
Horizontal range depends on the
initial height, h, and the initial
x
velocity, v0
 VELOCITY

vx = v0

Θ
vy = g t
v
v = √v x
2
+v y
2

= √v02+g2t2

tg Θ = v / v = g t / v
 FINAL VELOCITY

vx = v0

Δt = √ 2h/(-g) tg Θ = g Δt / v0
Θ
vy = g t
v = -(-g)√2h/(-g) / v0
v = √v x
2
+v y
2

= -√2h(-g) / v0
v = √v02+g2(2h /(-g))
Θ is negative
v = √ v02+ 2h(-g) (below the
horizontal line)
HORIZONTAL THROW - Summary
h – initial height, v0 – initial horizontal velocity, g = -9.81m/s2

Trajectory Half -parabola, open

down
Total time Δt = √ 2h/(-g)

Horizontal Range Δx = v0 √ 2h/(-g)

Final Velocity v = √ v02+ 2h(-g)
tg Θ = -√2h(-g) / v0
Exercises:
1. Consider two identical coins 1 and 2. The coins were
initially at the same height. Simultaneously Coin 1 is
dropped while Coin 2 is given a horizontal velocity.
Assuming air resistance is negligible, which coin will hit
the floor first?
a) Coin 1
b) Coin 2
c) Coin 1 and 2 will hit the floor at the same time
2. A tank fires artillery shells at two target
simultaneously. Which target will be hit first?

a) Target A
b) Target B
c) Targets A and B will be hit at the same time
 Part 2.
Motion of objects projected at an
angle
 y

vi Initial position: x = 0, y = 0

Initial velocity: v1 = v1 [Θ]

viy

Velocity components:
x- direction : v1x = v1 cos Θ

θ y- direction : v1y = v1 sin Θ

x
vix
 y

a =g=
- 9.81m/s2
• Motion is accelerated
• Acceleration is constant, and
downward
• a = g = -9.81m/s2
• The horizontal (x) component of
velocity is constant
• The horizontal and vertical
motions are independent of each
other, but they have a common
time

x
ANALYSIS OF MOTION:
ASSUMPTIONS
• x-direction (horizontal): uniform motion
• y-direction (vertical): accelerated motion
• no air resistance
QUESTIONS
• What is the trajectory?
• What is the total time of the motion?
• What is the horizontal range?
• What is the maximum height?
• What is the final velocity?
 Equations of motion:

X Y
Uniform motion Accelerated motion
ACCELERATION ax = 0 ay = g = -9.81 m/s2

VELOCITY v2x = v1x= v1 cos Θ v2y = v1y- g t

v2x = v1x cos Θ v2y = v1y sin Θ - g t
DISPLACEMENT x2 = v1x t = v1 t cos Θ y2 = y1 + v1y t - ½ g t2
x = v1 t cos Θ y = v1 t sin Θ - ½ g t2
 Equations of motion:

X Y
Uniform motion Accelerated motion
ACCELERATION ax = 0 ay = g = -9.81 m/s2

VELOCITY v2x = v1x cos Θ v2y = v1y sin Θ - g t

DISPLACEMENT x = v1 t cos Θ y = v1 t sin Θ - ½ g t2

 Trajectory
x = v1 t cos Θ Parabola, open down
y = v1 t sin Θ - ½ g t2 y
Eliminate time, t
t = x/(v1 cos Θ)
vi x sin  gx 2
y  2
vi cos  2vi cos 2 
g 2
y  x tan   x
2vi2 cos 2 

y = bx - ax2
x
 Total Time, Δt
y = v1 t sin Θ - ½ g t2
final height y = 0, after time interval Δt

0 = v1 Δt sin Θ - ½ g Δt 2
v1 sin Θ = ½ g Δt
x
2 v1 sin Θ
Δt =
g
t=0 Δt
 Horizontal Range, R
x = v1 t cos Θ y
final y = 0, time is
the total time Δt

Δx = v1 Δt cos Θ
2 v1 sin Θ
Δt = x
g 0
sin (2 Θ) = 2 sin Θ cos Θ
Δx
2v1 2 sin Θ cos Θ v1 2 sin (2 Θ)
Δx = R=
g g
 Horizontal Range, R
vi 2 sin (2 Θ)
R=
g

Θ (deg) sin (2 Θ) •CONCLUSIONS:

0 0.00 •Horizontalrange is greatest for the
15 0.50 throw angle of 450
30 0.87
45 1.00
•Horizontal ranges are the same for
60 0.87
angles Θ and (900 – Θ)
75 0.50

90 0
 Trajectory and horizontal range

35

30 15 deg
25 30 deg
vi = 25 m/s 45 deg
20
60 deg
15
75 deg
10

0
0 20 40 60 80
 Velocity

•Final speed = initial speed (conservation of energy)

•Impact angle = - launch angle (symmetry of parabola)
 Maximum Height
vy = v1 sin Θ - g t
y = v1 t sin Θ - ½ g t2
At maximum height vy = 0

0 = v1 sin Θ - g tup hmax = v1 t upsin Θ - ½ g tup2

hmax = v1 2 sin2 Θ/g - ½ g(v1 2 sin2 Θ)/g2
vi sin Θ
tup = v1 2 sin2 Θ
g
hmax = 2g
tup = Δt/2
 PROJECTILE MOTION - SUMMARY
 Projectile motion is motion with a constant
horizontal velocity combined with a constant
vertical acceleration
 The projectile moves along a parabola