Health
and Chapter 4 Timby
• Upon the completion of this presentation, the
learner will be able to:
⚬Describe how the WHO defines health.
⚬Discuss the difference between values and
Student beliefs, and list health beliefs common amount
Americans.
⚬Explain the concept of holism.
Learnin
⚬Identify the five levels of human needs (Nursing
Judgment)
⚬Define illness and terms used to describe illness
g
(Nursing Judgment)
⚬Differentiate primary, secondary, tertiary, and
extended care (Nursing Judgment)
⚬Name programs that help finance health care for
Objectiv
Nursing judgement, Patient
centered care, EBP, Professional
the aged, disable, and low-income population
(Patient Centered Care)
⚬Identify national health goals targeted for the
es
behavior and teamwork.
year 2030 (EBP)
⚬Discuss methods that nurses use to administer
Healt • According to the World Health
h Organization (WHO), health is “a
state of complete physical, mental,
and social well-being, not merely
the absence of disease or
infirmity”
• Most Americans have specific
beliefs regarding healthcare.
• A person’s behaviors are the
outcomes of their values and belief
systems
Wellness
• Wellness is full and balanced integration of all aspects
of health: physical, emotional, social, and spiritual
• Holism is the sum of physical, emotional, social, and
spiritual health
Holism
‘The sum of
physical,
emotional, social,
and spiritual
health’
Any change in one
component,
positive or
negative,
automatically
creates
⚬Self-actualization
Hierarchy of ￭ Need to be self-fulfilled, learn, create,
understand, and experience one’s
Human Needs potential
⚬Esteem and self-esteem
￭ Need to be well thought of by oneself as
well as by others
⚬Love and belonging
￭ Need for affection, feelings of belonging,
meaningful relations with others
⚬Safety and security
￭ Need for shelter and freedom from harm
and danger
⚬Physiologic
￭ Need for air, nutrition, water, elimination,
rest and sleep, thermoregulation. Sex is
unnecessary for individual survival, but
necessary for survival of humankind
Illne
ss
• Illness: state of being
unhealthy when disease,
deterioration, or injury
impairs a person’s well-
being
• Commonly used terms
associated with illness:
• Morbidity, mortality,
acute, chronic, terminal,
primary, secondary,
remission,
exacerbation,
Morbidity vs.
Mortality
⚬Morbidity: incidence of • Mortality: incidence of
a specific disease, deaths; the number of
disorder, or injury; people who died from a
refers to the rate or the particular disease or
numbers of people condition
affected
Types of Illnesses
Duration Underlying disease
⚬Acute illness: sudden ⚬Primary illness: develops
onset and lasts for a short independently of any
time other disease
⚬Chronic illness: comes on ⚬Secondary illness:
slowly and lasts for a long develops as a result of a
time preexisting condition
⚬Terminal illness: there is
no potential for cure;
eventually is fatal
Illness terms and
definitions
⚬Remission: disappearance of signs and symptoms
associated with a particular disease; resembles a
cured state but relief may be only temporary
⚬Exacerbation: reactivation of disorder or reverts
from a chronic to an acute stage; occurs
periodically in clients with long-standing diseases
Illness terms and
definitions cont.
⚬Hereditary condition: acquired from genetic
codes of one or both parents; symptoms may or
may not be present at birth
⚬Congenital disorders: present at birth but which
are result of faulty embryonic development
⚬Idiopathic illness: unknown cause
Health Care System
Network of available health services (Review Box 4.1)
⚬Agencies and institutions where people seek treatment for health problems, assistance with
maintaining or promoting health
Primary care: services provided by the first health care provider or agency a person
contacts
⚬Usually provided by Family Practice MD, NP, or PA in office or clinic setting
Secondary care: services to which primary caregivers refer clients for consultation
and additional testing
⚬Cardiac Cath Lab, outpatient lab center, x-rays or GI testing
Tertiary care: services provided at hospitals or medical centers
⚬Hospitals or Medical Centers, complex technology and specialists are available
Extended care: services that meet health needs of clients who no longer require
acute hospital care
⚬Rehabilitation; skilled nursing care in a person’s home or a nursing home; hospice care for dying
clients
Health Government
Insurance Funded Health
Marketplaces Care
Health Care
Services
Healt
Offer health Patient Protection
prevention, Affordable Care Act
diagnosis, (ACA, 2010)
Individuals / treatment, or
Employers rehabilitation
Small numbers can
h
purchase private
health insurance Access to Care Medicare
(ACA) 65+, Permanent
29.7 million disabled, ESRD
uninsured (CDC,
2018)
Care TriCare Medicaid
Low Income
Syste CHIP
Children’s Health
Insurance Program
m
Financing
Healthcare⚬Prospective payment system:
decreases total health care
charges by reimbursing hospitals
on a fixed rate based on
diagnostic-related groups (DRGs)
⚬Managed care organizations
(MCOs): private insurers who
carefully plan and closely supervise
distribution of clients’ health care
services; reduces health care costs
Types of managed care
organizations
⚬Health maintenance organizations (HMOs)
￭ Preset fees; preventive services – Prior Auth required
⚬Preferred provider organizations (PPOs)
￭ Network groups give discount to services for steady clients
￭ Higher cost if client uses resources outside of PPO groups
⚬Capitation
￭ Preset fee per member pain to HCP/Hosp regardless if service
needed
Provider controls test, services and tries to make a profit after needs
Outcomes of
structured
reimbursement
⚬Shifted economic and decision-making power from
hospitals and physicians to insurance companies
⚬Integrated delivery systems: networks that
provide a full range of health care services in a
highly coordinated, cost-effective manner
⚬Wellness programs / Rehab / LTC / Home Health /
Hospice
National Health Goals:
Healthy People 2030
• Healthy People: ongoing
national health-promotion
effort; goals include
⚬Help people achieve healthy,
thriving lives
⚬Eliminate health disparities
⚬Create health-promoting
environments
⚬Promote health across the
lifespan
⚬Engage leaders and the
Please review box 4-3, on p. public in designing health-
55 promoting policies
The
Nursing
• Five common
management patterns:
Team
⚬functional nursing
⚬case method
⚬team nursing
⚬primary nursing
⚬nurse-managed care
Functional
Nursing
• Each nurse on a client
unit is assigned specific
tasks
• Used less often; focus is
more on completing the
task rather than caring
for individual clients
Case
Method
• One nurse manages all
the care for a client or
group of clients needs
for a designated period
of time
• Used in home health,
public health, and
community mental
health nursing
• Nurses: case managers
Team
•Nursing
A pattern in which
nursing personnel
divide the clients into
groups and complete
their care together.
• Directed by the team
leader, who usually
assigns and supervises
the care given by other
team members.
• Team lead is
responsible for
Primary
Nursing
• The admitting nurse
assumes responsibility
for planning client care
and evaluating the
client’s progress
• Remains responsible
and accountable for
specific clients until
they are discharged
Nurse
Managed Care
• A nurse manager plans
the nursing care of
clients based on their
type of case or medical
diagnosis
• Clinical pathway is
used
Continuity of
Health Care
• Maintenance of health care from one level of
health to another and one agency to
another
• Ensures that the client navigates the health
care system with maximum efficiency and
minimum frustration
• Goal is to avoid causing a client to feel
isolated, fragmented, or abandoned
Question 1
The WHO defines health as "a state of complete physical,
mental, and social well-being, not merely the __________
of disease or infirmity.“
Question 2
In the remission state of illness, the relief or the cured
state is permanent.
True or False
Question 3
In the remission state of illness, the relief or the cured
state is permanent.
True or False
