Welcome to EE-301
Electromagnetic Waves
Lecture 1
Bhaskaran Muralidharan
Dept. of Electrical Engineering,
Indian institute of technology Bombay
Electromagnetic waves: All around us!!
• 2
Logistics
• Instructor: Bhaskaran Muralidharan
(
[email protected])
Nano-Elec 6th Floor (9411)
• Text: Electromagnetic Waves- R. K.
Shevgaonkar
Fields and Waves in Comm Elec – Ramo et.
al.,
• Class: WF 11AM-12:30 PM (LCC 31)
• Reviews: as and when needed/posted on
moodle
• Best times to catch me: Fridays 3 30 P- 5 P • 3
Text/References
• 4
Grading Info
Attendance (min 80%) & 5%
Class Interaction
Quizzes 15%
Mid-sem 30%
End-sem 50%
• 5
Syllabus and Flow
1: Overview
25/08/2023 2 : Transmission Lines
Quiz 1
3: Electrostatics
I
rH
4: Magnetostatics
16/09-24/09
Mid-sem 5: Maxwell’s Equations
6: Plane Waves
Quiz 2
7: Interfaces
13/10/2023
8: Waveguides
9: Radiation/Antenna
Final
16/11-26/11 • 6
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Application determined by wavelength
http://lectureonline.cl.msu.edu/~mmp/applist/Spectrum/s.htm • 7
Why Electromagnetism?
Rainbows
Polaroids
Lightning
Northern
Lights
Telescope
Laser
Optics • 8
Why Electromagnetism?
Electronic Gadgets • 9
Why Electromagnetism?
Neural Impulses
Chemical Reactions
Ion Channels
Biological Processes
Chemistry and Biology • 10
How do static charges interact?
(Electrostatics)
F1 r F2
Coulomb’s Law
q1 q2
Force q1q2/r2
Gauss’s Law
Flux q1 + q2 + ..
+ + +
+ + +
Interaction in materials (Polarization) + + + • 11
How do magnetic fields interact?
(Magnetostatics)
Biot-Savart’s Law I
Current magnetic field
r
H
H ~ I/r
I1
i21 dl2
Another current senses it
i12
R
Force ~ i2 x H dl1 I2
• 12
Time variation couples E and H
I
Ampere’s Law
Varying E produces H r
H
Faraday’s Law
Varying H produces E
• 13
Electrodynamics
E E E E
H H H
Varying E produces H produces E produces H ..
Faraday’s Law
Ampere’s Law
Coulomb/Gauss’ Law
Maxwell’s Eqns.
Gauss’ law for magnets
• 14
Deciphering Maxwell’s equations
Q I
r
H
Electric fields diverge Magnetic fields curl
but don’t curl but don’t diverge
(they start and end on (they loop on themselves
charges or ‘poles’) since there are no
magnetic poles) • 15
We thus have Maxwell’s equations in their
simplest form (for static sources, in vacuum)
Q I
r
H
Div(E) Q Curl(H) I
Curl(E) = 0 Div(H) = 0
We will define Div and Curl precisely later on.
For now, think of them as the number of diverging
and curling lines respectively • 16
We thus have Maxwell’s equations in their
simplest form (for static sources, in vacuum)
Div(E) Q Curl(H) I
Curl(E) = 0 Div(H) = 0
Note how E and H equations are independent of
each other !! This is true for static sources
For dynamic sources (time-dependent currents),
you also get dH/dt terms for the E equations and
dE/dt terms for the H equations, which couple them.
• E • E • E • E
• H • H • H
• Varying E produces H produces E produces H .. • 17
Consequences of Maxwell’s equations
Waves Radiation
• 18
Wavelength determines application
• 19
Periodicity/Wavelength
y = Asin[2p(t/T – x/l)]
Frequency
f = 1/T
Angular Frequency
w=2pf = 2p/T
y = Asin[2pt/T]
Wavenumber
y = Asin[2px/l]
n =~
1/l
y = Asin[wt-bx]
Wavevector/Prop const
b = 2p/l
• 20
Maxwell’s equations hold for all
systems, from large objects to
nanoscale…
Solar Discharge Molecular fields
(~1.4 x 109 m dia) (~10-8 m dia) • 21
…. From ultrafast to ultraslow
Optical Molasses/Condensates
Slow light down from 1.02 billion
km/hr
to 1.6 km/hr !!
(Lene Hau, Harvard physicist)
Cerenkov Radiation
(when a particle outruns its field)
Optical equivalent of a sonic boom
• 22
EM Waves: The photon picture??
• 23
Syllabus and Flow
1: Overview
25/07/2023 2 : Transmission Lines
Quiz 1
3: Electrostatics
I
rH
4: Magnetostatics
16/09-24/09
Mid-sem 5: Maxwell’s Equations
6: Plane Waves
Quiz 2
7: Interfaces
13/10/2023
8: Waveguides
9: Radiation/Antenna
Final
16/11-26/11 • 24
Transmission Lines
• 25
When should we worry about
transmission lines?
l
Transmission Line LOAD
Reflection, Distortion, Loss
Asin[wt-bx]
Phase difference between two ends: bl
Non-negligible if bl > 0.01 x 2p, i.e., l > 0.01l
Lumped Model Distributed Model if long/high-speed
Optical Signal 1015 Hz, l = 0.3mm
26
Radio Wave 1 KHz, l = 300km!
When does a T-line become a T-Line?
Whether it is a
bump or a
mountain depends
on the ratio of its
• When do we size (tline) to the
need to use size of the vehicle
transmission (signal
line analysis wavelength)
techniques vs.
lumped circuit Similarly, whether
analysis? or not a line is to
be considered as a
transmission line
depends on the
ratio of length of
the line (delay) to
the wavelength of
• Wavelength/edge rate • Tline the applied
frequency or the
Transmission Lines Class 6
rise/fall edge of the
signal
Common TLs – Simple Distributed Model
28
Common TLs – Simple Distributed Model
29
Distributed model: The traveling wave
30
Use of phasors
R L
V0cos(wt)
~
Ri + Ldi/dt = V0cos(wt) ~ jwt
i =Re(ie )
~ ~
[R + jLw] i = V ~ jwt
V = Re(Ve )
ZR ZL(w) Impedance
ZC(w) = 1/jwC = -j/wC
Try an LC circuit !! 31
Wave propagation- Long Circuits
f+(x)
x0=vt0 t=0
f+(x-x0)
x1=vt1 t=t0
f+(x-x1)
t=t1
xt=vt
f+(x-xt)
t
f+(x-vt)
x0 x1 xt 32
