FLUIDS

AGRITECH 215- FARM

PHYSICS
What is fluid? -is a substance that can flow, also liquids
and gases are considered as fluids.
PHASES OF
MATTER
• 1. SOLID
• 2. LIQUID
• 3. GAS
• PLASMA
• BOSE- EINSTEIN
CONDENSATE
• FERMIONIC CONDENSATE
DENSITY

Density is an important characteristic of

substances. It is crucial, for example, in
determining whether an object sinks or floats
in a fluid. Density is the mass per unit volume
of a substance or object.
Hydrometer- One of the most common
instruments used in measuring density of a liquid.
Specific gravity or relative density is another property of fluids. It is the
ratio of the density of a fluid divided by the density of water.
• The SI unit of density is kg/m3. The metric system was originally
devised so that water would have a density of 1 g/cm3, equivalent to
103 kg/m3. Thus, the basic mass unit, the kilogram, was first devised
to be the mass of 1000 mL of water, which has a volume of 1000 cm3.
Densities of Various Substances
 Illustrative Example:
1) What is the density of alcohol in a 500 mL bottle of 70% alcohol solution
if the mass of ethyl alcohol is 395 g?
Given:
m = 395 g
V = 500 mL = 500 cc x 07 = 350 cc of alcohol solution
ρ=?

Solution:
ρ = m/V = 395/ 350 cc = 1.12 g/cc
 P=F/A​

where F is a force applied

to an area A that is
PRESSURE perpendicular to the force.

The SI unit for pressure is

the Pascal, where 1 Pa = 1
N/m2
 Illustrative Example:
1) A nurse injects a patient with a hypodermic needle with a force of
1.96 x 102 N and area of 2x10-7 m² in the arm. Calculate the
pressure in atmosphere exerted which will cause the skin to break
during the procedure.
Given:
F = 1.96 x 102 N
A = 2x10-7 m²
P=?
Solution:
P= F/A = 1.96 x 102 N/ 2x10-7 m² = 0.98 x105 N/m2
 Pascal’s
Principle • “A change in pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is
transmitted undiminished to all portions of the fluid and to
the walls of its container.”
Gauge Pressure

Gauge pressure is the pressure relative to atmospheric

pressure. Gauge pressure is positive for pressures above
atmospheric pressure, and negative for pressures below it.

The gauge pressure is defined as the difference between

an absolute pressure (Pabs) and the prevailing atmospheric
pressure (Pamb). It is denoted with the subscript “e”: Pe and
is calculated as follows: Pe = Pabs – Pamb.
Absolute Pressure

• The total pressure, or absolute pressure, is the sum of gauge pressure and
atmospheric pressure: Pabs = Pg + Patm, where Pabs is absolute pressure, Pg is
gauge pressure, and Patm is atmospheric pressure.
• For example, if your tire gauge reads 34 psi (pounds per square inch), then the
absolute pressure is 34 psi plus 14.5 psi ( Patm in psi), or 48.5 psi (equivalent to
336 kPa).
• Blood pressure pulsates because of the pumping action of the heart, reaching
a maximum, called systolic pressure, and a minimum, called diastolic
pressure, with each heartbeat. Systolic pressure is measured by noting the
value of h when blood flow first begins as cuff pressure is lowered. Diastolic
pressure is measured by noting h when blood flows without interruption.
 ARCHIME
DES’
PRINCIPL
E

Archimedes’ principle is as follows: “The buoyant force

on an object equals the weight of the fluid it displaces.”
Why is it that some things float and
others do not? Do objects that sink
get any support at all from the fluid?
Is your body buoyed by the
atmosphere, or are only helium
balloons affected?

Answers to all these questions,

and many others, are based on
the fact that pressure increases
with depth in a fluid. This
means that the upward force
on the bottom of an object in a
fluid is greater than the
downward force on the top of
the object. There is a net
upward, or buoyant force on
any object in any fluid.
• If the buoyant force is greater than the
object’s weight, the object will rise to the
surface and float. If the buoyant force is
less than the object’s weight, the object
will sink. If the buoyant force equals the
object’s weight, the object will remain
suspended at that depth. The buoyant
force is always present whether the
object floats, sinks, or is suspended in a
fluid.
Density and Archimedes’ Principle

Density plays a crucial role in Archimedes’

principle. The average density of an object is
what ultimately determines whether it floats.
If its average density is less than that of the
surrounding fluid, it will float. This is because
the fluid, having a higher density, contains
more mass and hence more weight in the
same volume. The buoyant force, which
equals the weight of the fluid displaced, is
thus greater than the weight of the object.
Likewise, an object denser than the fluid will
sink.
 Cohesion and Adhesion in Liquids

Attractive forces between molecules of the same type are called

cohesive forces.

Attractive forces between molecules of different types are called

adhesive forces.
 Surface Tension

• Cohesive forces between

molecules cause the surface of a
liquid to contract to the smallest
possible surface area. This general
effect is called surface tension.
Molecules on the surface are
pulled inward by cohesive forces,
reducing the surface area.
Molecules inside the liquid
experience zero net force, since
they have neighbors on all sides.
• Energy required to increase the
surface area of the liquid (strong
hydrogen bond occurring).
 • the tendency of a fluid to be raised or suppressed in a
narrow tube, or capillary tube. This action causes
capillary action blood to be drawn into a small-diameter tube when
the tube touches a drop.
FLAW
When a liquid flows through a confined container such as a pipe or
tube, the rate of flow of the liquid is known as the flow rate. The rate is
equal to the volume of flowing liquid in a cross-sectional area divided
by the time. Thus:
=
• where: is the flow rate, V is the volume, and t is time
Laminar flow- -
when the flow is
quiet and smooth

• Turbulent flow – when the

flow has eddies, swirls, and
ripples
 Bernoulli’s Effect
By definition, flow rate is equal to the volume of a liquid
flowing in a cross-sectional area divided by the time,