FORENSIC-

3
FORENSIC CHEMISTRY AND
TOXICOLOGY
 FORENSIC
CHEMISTRY
Definition:
● Deals with the application of chemical
principles in the solution of problems that arise
in
connection with the administration of justice.
● It is chemistry applied in the elucidation of
legal problems.
● It is chemistry belonging to the Courts of law.
● Forensic Chemist is a specialist who practices
Forensic Chemistry
 SCOPE OF
FORENSIC
CHEMISTRY:
● It includes the chemical side of criminal
investigation.
● It includes the analysis of any material
the quality of which may lead to legal
proceedings. ● It
is not limited to purely chemical questions
in legal proceedings.
● It has invaded other branches of
forensic sciences, most notably, legal
medicine, ballistics,
questioned documents, dactyloscopy, and
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ROLE OF A FORENSIC CHEMIST
IN THE SCIENTIFIC CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATION
1.Determining whether or not a place/location is a clandestine
laboratory.
2. The examination of marked bills/suspects during entrapment.
3. Administering a paraffin test.
 PHYSICAL
EVIDENCE and which aid in
-This refers to articles and materials found in connection with an investigation

establishing the identity of the perpetrator or the circumstances under which

EVIDENC the crime was

committed.
E
• It refers to a proof of allegation.
• It is a means sanctioned by law to ascertain in a judicial proceeding the truth
respecting a
matter of fact.
CLASSIFICATION OF
• 1. Direct Evidence
EVIDENCE:
• 2. Circumstantial Evidence
3. Hearsay Evidence
CLASSIFICATION OF
EVIDENCE
Direct Evidence
-A kind of evidence that directly establishes the main fact of issue.

Circumstantial Evidence

-A kind of evidence that seeks to establish a conclusion by inferences from

proven facts.

Hearsay Evidence

-A kind of evidence that proceeds not from the personal knowledge of the witness but from
the
mere repetition of what the witness heard from other people.
Note: Hearsay Evidence is inadmissible in court except with certain well-defined
exceptions,
 Scientific Evidence
It refers to evidence wherein scientific knowledge is
necessary. Forms of
Scientific Evidence:
1. Real or Autoptic evidence
2. Testimonial evidence
3. Experimental evidence
4. Documentary evidence
REAL OR AUTOPTIC EVIDENCE
-aka physical evidence; it is relevant and
material to the crime and usually can be
produced in court.
TESTIMONIAL
EVIDENCE
-Direct - testimonial evidence of witnesses that ties the offender
to the crime.
EXPERIMENTAL
EVIDENCE
-Is also what we called Empirical evidence, The evidence that supports or
counters a proposition obtained through sense experience or experimental
procedure. Empirical evidence is of central importance to the sciences and plays a
role in various other fields, like epistemology and law.
DOCUMENTARY
EVIDENCE language
-A kind of real evidence associated with human

Examples: dusting -.
and fuming for fingerprints, fingerprint analysis,
chromatography & ink analysis, blood type analysis (using simulated blood
samples), and fiber analysis.
 WITNESS
-This refers to a person, other than the suspect, who is requested to give
information
concerning an incident or a person. He testifies in court, and he may be the
victim, the complainant,

SUSPECT
the accuser, the source of information, or the observer of an occurrence.

-In an offense, is a person whose guilt is considered on reasonable grounds to

be a practical

TYPES OF
possibility.

WITNESS
a. Ordinary witness
b. Expert witness
 ORDINARY
WITNESS
An ordinary witness states fact but cannot express his
opinions or conclusions. He may testify
to impressions of common experience.

ORDINARY
WITNESS
One who possesses a special skill, be it in art, trade or
science or one who has special knowledge in
matters not generally known to men of ordinary
education and experience.
 FOUR STAGES OF A FORENSIC
CHEMISTS WORK
1. Collection and reception of the specimen/evidence to be examined.
a. sufficiency of samples
b. standard specimen for comparison
c. maintenance of individuality
d. labeling and sealing
2. The actual examination of the specimen.
3. Communication of the result of the examination conducted on the specimen.
4. Court appearance.
 PRACTICAL PERSON TO COLLECT
THE EVIDENCE.
Person capable of applying knowledge or theory to practice; person trained by

IDEAL PERSON TO COLLECT THE practice.

EVIDENCE
The forensic chemist
Standard
These are known specimens that are used to compare with a
Specimen
questioned specimen.
SIX GOLDEN RULES IN THE PRACTICE
OF FORENSIC CHEMISTRY
1. Go slowly.
2. Be thorough.
3. Take down notes.
4. Consult others.
5. Use imagination.
6. Avoid complicated
theories.
 PRIMARY REASONS THAT MAY
CONTRIBUTE TO THE RENDERING
OF AN
EVIDENCE/SPECIMEN AS
USELESS:
1. Improper packing of specimen.
2. Failure to identify the specimen.
3. Improper precautions used in transmitting the
specimen.
4. Improper preservation.
5. Lack of precaution to prevent tampering of the
specimen.
 MOST OF THE TIME, BLOOD
SAMPLES ARE STORED AT ROOM
TEMPERATURE (BETWEEN 15 TO 30
DEGREES CELSIUS), FRIDGE
TEMPERATURE (BETWEEN 2 TO 10
DEGREES CELSIUS), OR FROZEN (20
DEGREES CELSIUS OR LOWER).
THESE TEMPERATURES HAVE TO STAY
THE SAME DURING STORAGE AND
TRANSPORT.
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