Aditya University

FRESHMAN ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Extend a Hearty Welcome
to

Programming
for
Problem Solving Using C

G. Sandhya Devi
Assistant Professor,
Freshmen Engineering Department
 Syllabus

UNIT – III
Arrays indexing, Accessing programs with array of integers, two dimensional arrays,
Introduction to Strings, string handling functions.
Sorting techniques: bubble sort, selection sort.
Searching Techniques: linear , Binary search.

2
 String

• In C programming, a string is a sequence of characters terminated with a

null character \0.
• A string can be declared using character array in c.
Declaration of strings:
• Declaring a string is as simple as declaring a one-dimensional array. Below
is the basic syntax for declaring a string.
syntax:
char string_name[size];
//string name is any name given to the string variable and size is used
to define the length of the string
example:
char mystring[20];
 Initializing a String

A string can be initialized in different ways.

Examples:
A d i t y a \0
char str[] = “Aditya";

char str[50] = " Aditya";

char str[7] = {‘A’,’d',’i',’t',’y',’a’,'\0'};

char str[] = {‘A’,’d',’i',’t',’y',’a’,'\0'};

 Initializing a String

#include<stdio.h>
printf("%s\n",str1);
int main()
printf("%s\
{
n",str2);
char str1[] = "Aditya";
printf("%s\n",str3);
printf("%s\
char str2[7] = "Aditya";
return 0;
n",str4);
}
char str3[7] = {'A','d','i','t','y','a','\0'};

char str4[] = {'A','d','i','t','y','a','\0'};

 Reading a String

scanf can be used to read a string from keyboard

syntax:
scanf(“%s”,stringname); Execution:
Enter the string?Aditya
#include<stdio.h>
You entered Aditya
int main ()
{
char str[20]; Enter the string?Aditya College
printf("Enter the string?"); You entered Aditya
scanf("%s",str); So,this scanf not reading entire string.it reads
printf("You entered %s",s); upto first word
return 0;
}
 Reading a String

scanf to read string with spaces

syntax: scanf("%[^\ Execution:

n]s",stringname); Enter the string?Aditya
You entered Aditya
#include<stdio.h>
int main ()
{
char str[20]; Enter the string?Aditya College
printf("Enter the string?"); You entered Aditya College
scanf("%[^\n]s",str);
printf("You entered %s",str);
return 0;
}
 Reading a String using gets(),fgets()

#include<stdio.h>
gets() to read string with spaces int main ()
{
syntax: char str[20];
gets(stringname); printf("Enter the string?");
gets(str);
printf("You entered %s", str);
fgets() to read string with spaces return 0;
}
syntax: o/p for both programs:
Enter the string?Aditya College
fgets(stringname,size,stdin); #include<stdio.h> You entered Aditya College
int main ()
{
char str[20];
printf("Enter the string?");
fgets(str,20,stdin)
printf("You entered %s",str);
return 0;}
 String handling functions
string functions defined in "string.h" library.
No. Function Description
1) strlen(string_name) returns the length of string name.
2) strcpy(destination, source) copies the contents of source string to destination
string.

3) strcat(first_string, concatinates or joins first string with second string.

second_string) The result of the string is stored in first string.

4) strcmp(first_string, compares the first string with second string. If both

second_string) strings are same, it returns 0.

5) strrev(string) returns reverse string.

6) strlwr(string) returns string characters in lowercase.
7) strupr(string) r eFtOuR PrRnOBsLEMstSrOiVL nNI gG UcShINGaCracters in uppercase
N G
 string operations using string handling functions
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main () {
char str1[20],str2[20],str3[20];
printf("\nEnter the string1");
fgets(str1,20,stdin);
printf("\n enter string2");
fgets(str2 ,20,stdin);
printf("length of string1 is %lu",strlen(str1));
strcat(str1,str2);
printf("\n concatenation of string1,string2 is
%s ",str1);
strcpy(str3,str1);
printf("\n string1 is %s",str1);
printf("\n string2 is%s",str2);
printf("\nstring3 is %s",str3);
printf("\n comparison is
%d",strcmp(str2,str3));
return 0;
 Strlen( )

This function can be used to find a string’s length.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
char a[20]="Program";
char b[20]={'P','r','o','g','r','a','m','\0'};
printf("Length of string a = % \n",strlen(a));
printf("Length of string b = %z \n",strlen(b));

return 0;
}
Run Code
Output
Length of string a = 7
Length of string b = 7
 Strcpy( )

The strcpy() function copies the string pointed by source (including the null
character) to the destination.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
char str1[20] = “good";
char str2[20];
// copying str1 to str2
strcpy(str2, str1);
puts(str2);
return 0;
}
Output
good
 Strcmp( )
This function is used to compare two strings.
Example:
int main() {
char str1[] = "abcd", str2[] = "abCd", str3[] = "abcd";
int result;
// comparing strings str1 and str2
result = strcmp(str1, str2);
printf("strcmp(str1, str2) = %d\n", result);
// comparing strings str1 and str3
result = strcmp(str1, str3);
printf("strcmp(str1, str3) = %d\n", result);
return 0;
}
Output
strcmp(str1, str2) = 1
strcmp(str1, str3) = 0
 Strcat( )

Strcat()
This function is used to concatenate two strings.
int main()
{
char str1[] = "Hello";
char str2[] = "World";
strcat(str1, str2);
printf("The concatenated string is: %s\n", str1);
return 0;
}
Output:
The concatenated string is: Hello World
 Strupr( ) & Strlwr()

Strupr() Strlwr()
It takes a string as input and converts all the
It takes a string as input and converts all the
letters in the string to lowercase.
letters in the string to uppercase.
int main()
int main() {
{
char str[] = "Hello, World!";
char str[] = "Hello, World!";
printf("Original string: %s\n", str);
printf("Original string: %s\n", str);
strupr(str);
// Convert string to lowercase
printf("Uppercase string: %s\n", str);
strlwr(str);
return 0;
printf("Lowercase string: %s\n", str);
}
return 0;
Output:
}
Original string: Hello, World!
Output:
Uppercase string: HELLO, WORLD!
Original string: Hello, World!
Lowercase string: hello, world!
 Strrev( )

Strrev()
It is used to reverse a given string. It takes a string as an argument and returns a
pointer to the reversed string.
int main()
{
char str[40]; // declare the size of character string
printf(" \n Enter a string to be reversed: ");
scanf("%s", str);
printf(" \n After the reverse of a string: %s ", strrev(str));
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter a string to be reversed: apple
After the reverse of a string: elppa
 length of
string operationsstring
without using string handling functions
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char str [100];
int length, i ;
printf ("\nEnter the String : ");
gets(str);
length=0;
for(i=0;str[i]!='\0';i++)
{ Output:
length ++; Enter the String : aditya college
Length of the String is : 14
}
printf("\nLength of the String is : %d",length );
return 0;
}
 string copy

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char s1 [100] , s2 [100]; int i=0;
printf ("\nEnter the string :");
gets ( s1 );
while(s1[i]!= '\0')
{
s2[i] = s1[i]; Output:
Enter the string :aditya college
i++; } Copied String is aditya college
s2[i] = '\0';
printf ("\nCopied String is %s ", s2 );
return 0;
}
 string concatenation

#include<stdio.h> for (j = 0; s2[j] != '\0'; i++, j++)

#include<string.h> {
int main() s1[i] = s2[j]; }
{ s1[i] = '\0';
char s1[50], s2[30]; printf("\nConcated string is :%s", s1);
printf("\nEnter String 1 :"); return (0);
gets(s1); }
printf("\nEnter String 2 :"); Output:
gets(s2); Enter String 1 :sandhya
Enter String 2 :devi
int i, j; Concated string is :sandhyadevi
i = strlen(s1);
 string comparison
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h> if(flag==0)
main(){ printf("\nTwo strings are equals ");
char s1[50],s2[30]; else
int i,j,flag=0; printf("\nTwo strings are not equal ");
printf("\nEnter String1:"); }
gets(s1);
printf("\nEnter String2:");
gets(s2); Output:
for(i=0,j=0;s1[i]!='\0'&&s2[j]!='\0';i++,j++) Enter String1:welcome
{ Enter String2:welcome
Two strings are equals
if( s1 [ i ]!= s2 [ j ])
{
flag ++;
break;
}}
 string reverse

#include<stdio.h> for(i=len-1;i>=0;i--)
int main() {
{ printf("%c",s1[i]);
char s1[20]; }
int i,len; return 0;
printf("Reverse the string "); }
printf("\nEnter the string: ");
scanf(" %[^\n]s",s1);
Output:
while(s1[i]!='\0') Reverse the string
{ Enter the string: aditya college'
len=len+1; 'egelloc aytida
i++ ;
}

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