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Crowding 3

The document discusses crowding, defining it both subjectively as a state of discomfort due to high density and objectively in terms of space relative to population. It explores theories explaining crowding, its causes such as rural-urban migration and infrastructure disparity, and its effects on performance and living conditions. The document concludes with recommendations for addressing crowding through education, law enforcement, and improved infrastructure.

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Mary Timah
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4 views8 pages

Crowding 3

The document discusses crowding, defining it both subjectively as a state of discomfort due to high density and objectively in terms of space relative to population. It explores theories explaining crowding, its causes such as rural-urban migration and infrastructure disparity, and its effects on performance and living conditions. The document concludes with recommendations for addressing crowding through education, law enforcement, and improved infrastructure.

Uploaded by

Mary Timah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Crowding

• Definition
- objective
- subjective
• Theories
• Causes
• Effects
• The Way Forward
Definition
• Subjective: experiential state arising from
interaction of high densities of people with other
social and environmental variables (Choi, et al.
1976)
• Physiological state of discomfort and stress
associated with wanting more space than is
available.
• Objective: space in relation to number of persons
and/or objects [e.g. number of persons per room,
persons per a house and structures per a given space]
Discussions
• Key issues in the two definitions
• ???
• ???
• Implications
• ???
• ???
Theories of Crowding
• Sensory Overload (Milgram, 1970)
- too much information than it can be processed
• Density-intensity Theory (Freedman, 1975)
- crowding is a function of magnitude/degree
• Loss of control (Baron & Rodin, 1978)
- when one cannot do anything about it
• Attribution (Worchel & Teddie, 1976)
- perceived to have been caused by someone else
Causes of Crowding
• Rural-urban migration/drift
• Disparity between population growth and
infrastructure development
• High cost of rent
• Non enforcement of regulations and laws of settlement
• Culture-orientation and in-group support
• Concentration of socio-economic activities in one area
Effects of Crowding
• Experimental and naturalistic studies of animals (Calhoun, 1962,
Christian et al., (1960)
• Studies in Prisons (Gaes, 1985)
• Studies of College students (Baron et al., 1978)
• General Effects: affects performance of complex task (Klein & Harris,
1979); associated with poor living condition - sanitation, social
infrastructure, etc. (Altman 1972); loss of privacy, high stress levels
• Culture moderates some of these effects
Effects of Crowding [Cont.]
• Discussions
• Personal experiences
• ???
The Way Forward
• Education – formal and informal –
• Law Enforcement
• Economic empowerment and Affordable Housing
• Proper layout
• Expansion of Existing Facilities
• Relocation of some essential services
• Birth Control
• Prisons – custodial sentences
• Provision of basic amenities in the rural communities

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