Chapter One

Introduction to
Emerging
Technologies
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1. Introduction to Emerging Technologies

Topics Covered
 Evolution of technologies
 Introduction to Industrial revolution
 Historical background (IR 1.0, IR 2.0, IR 3.0, IR 4.0)
 Role of data for Emerging technologies
 Enabling devices and networks for emerging technologies
(programmable devices)
 Human to Machine Interaction
 Future trends in emerging technologies

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 Evolution of Technologies
Emerging technology is a term generally
used to describe a new technology, but it may
also refer to the continuing development of
existing technology.
It can have slightly different meanings when
used in different areas.
The term commonly refers to technologies
that are currently developing, or that are
expected to be available within the next five to
ten years.
 Is usually reserved for technologies that are
creating or are expected to create significant
social or economic
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effects. 3
 What is the root word of technology and
evolution?
Technology: 1610s, "discourse or treatise on
an art or the arts," from Greek tekhnologia
"systematic treatment of an art, craft, or
technique," originally referring to grammar,
from tekhno- (see techno-) + -logy. The
meaning "science of the mechanical and
industrial arts" is first recorded in 1859.
Evolution: evolution means the process of
developing by gradual changes. This noun is
from Latin evolutio, "an unrolling or
opening," combined from the prefix e-, "out,"
plus volvere,
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List of some currently available emerged
technologies
• Artificial Intelligence
• Blockchain
• Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality
• Cloud Computing
• Angular and React
• DevOps
• Internet of Things (IoT)
• Intelligent Apps (I-Apps)
• Big Data
• Robotic Processor Automation (RPA)
5
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Introduction to the Industrial Revolution (IR)
The Industrial Revolution was a period of major
industrialization and innovation that took place during the
late 1700s and early 1800s.
An Industrial Revolution at its core occurs when a society
shifts from using tools to make products to use new
sources of energy, such as coal, to power machines in
factories.
The revolution started in England, with a series of
innovations to make labor more efficient and productive.
The Industrial Revolution was a time when the
manufacturing of goods moved from small shops and
homes to large factories.
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Introduction to the Industrial Revolution (IR)
The American Industrial Revolution commonly referred
to as the Second Industrial Revolution, started sometime
between 1820 and 1870.
Industries such as textile manufacturing, mining, glass
making, and agriculture all had undergone changes.
From the first industrial revolution (mechanization
through water and steam power) to the mass production
and assembly lines using electricity in the second.
The fourth industrial revolution will take what was started
in the third with the adoption of computers and
automation and enhance it with smart and autonomous
systems fueled by data and machine learning.
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Generally, the following industrial revolutions fundamentally
changed and transfer the world around us into modern society.
• The steam engine,
• The age of science and mass production, and
• The rise of digital technology
• Smart and autonomous systems fueled by data and
machine learning.
The Most Important Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
• Transportation: The Steam Engine, The Railroad, The Diesel
Engine, The Airplane.
• Communication: The Telegraph. The Transatlantic Cable. The
Phonograph. The Telephone.
• Industry: The Cotton Gin. The Sewing Machine. Electric Lights.

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Historical Background (IR 1.0, IR 2.0, IR 3.0)
The industrial revolution began in Great
Britain in the late 1770s before spreading to
the rest of Europe.

The first European countries to be

industrialized after England were Belgium,
France, and the German states.

The final cause of the Industrial Revolution

was the effects created by the Agricultural
Revolution.

As previously stated, the Industrial 9

The four types of industries are:

The primary industry involves getting raw

materials e.g. mining, farming, and fishing.
The secondary industry involves
manufacturing e.g. making cars and steel.
Tertiary industries provide a service e.g.
teaching and nursing.
The quaternary industry involves research
and development industries e.g. IT.

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 Industrial Revolution (IR 1.0)

The Industrial Revolution (IR) is described

as a transition to new manufacturing
processes.
IR was first coined in the 1760s, during the
time where this revolution began.
The transitions in the first IR included going
from hand production methods to machines,
the increasing use of steam power, the
development of machine tools and the rise
of the factory system.

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Industrial Revolution (IR 1.0)

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 Industrial Revolution (IR 2.0)
The Second IR, also known as the
Technological Revolution, began somewhere
in the 1870s.
The advancements in IR 2.0 included the
development of methods for manufacturing
interchangeable parts and widespread
adoption of pre-existing technological
systems such as telegraph and railroad
networks.
This adoption allowed the vast movement of
people and ideas, enhancing communication.
Moreover, new technological systems were
introduced,AAUsuch as electrical power and
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 Industrial Revolution (IR 3.0)
IR 3.0 introduced the transition from mechanical and
analog electronic technology to digital electronics which
began from the late 1950s.
Due to the shift towards digitalization, IR 3.0 was given
the nickname, “Digital Revolution”.
The core factor of this revolution is the mass production
and widespread use of digital logic circuits and its derived
technologies such as the computer, hand phones and the
Internet.
Certain practices that were enabled during IR 3.0 is still
being practiced until this current day, for example – the
proliferation of digital computers and digital record.

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 Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0)
Now, with advancements in various
technologies such as robotics, Internet of
Things, Additive manufacturing and
Autonomous vehicles.
The technologies mentioned above are what
you call – cyber-physical systems.
A cyber-physical system is a mechanism that
is controlled or monitored by computer-based
algorithms, tightly integrated with the
Internet and its users.
 “Fourth Industrial Revolution” or IR 4.0 was
coined by Klaus Schwab, the founder and
executive chairman
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of World Economic 15
 Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0)
One example that is being widely practiced in
industries today is the usage of Computer
Numerical Control (CNC) machines. These
machines are operated by giving it
instructions using a computer.

Another major breakthrough that is

associated with IR 4.0 is the adoption of
Artificial Intelligence (AI), where we can see it
being implemented into our smartphones. AI
is also one of the main elements that give life
to Autonomous Vehicles and Automated
Robots.
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 Role of Data for Emerging Technologies
We are living in the age of big data.

Data is regarded as the new oil and strategic

asset, and drives or even determines the
future of science, technology, the economy,
and possibly everything in our world today
and tomorrow.

This reshaping and paradigm shifting is

driven not just by data itself but all other
aspects that could be created, transformed,
and/or adjusted by understanding, exploring,
and utilizing
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Role of data for emerging Technologies (2)
There is no doubt, nevertheless, that the
potential of data science and analytics to
enable data-driven theory, economy, and
professional development is increasingly
being recognized.

This involves not only core disciplines such as

computing, informatics, and statistics, but
also the broad-based fields of business, social
science, and health/medical science.

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 Enabling Device and Networks for Emerging
Technologies
In the world of digital electronic systems, there
are four basic kinds of devices: memory,
microprocessors, logic and networks.
Memory devices- >store random
information such as the contents of a
spreadsheet or database.
Microprocessors- >execute software
instructions to perform a wide variety of tasks
such as running a word processing program
or video game.
Logic devices ->provide specific functions,
including device-to-device interfacing, data
communication, signal processing, data
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network ->is a collection of computers, servers, mainframes,
network devices, peripherals, or other devices connected to one
another to allow the sharing of data.
An excellent example of a network is the Internet, which
connects millions of people all over the world
Programmable devices : is a device under control of stored
program. (see Figure 1.5) usually refer to chips that incorporate
field programmable logic devices (FPGAs), complex
programmable logic devices (CPLD) and programmable logic
devices (PLD).

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There are also devices that are the analog equivalent of
these called field-programmable analog arrays.
Programmable Logic Device
Programmable logic refers to a general class of
devices which can be configured to perform a variety
of logic functions.
Logic devices can be classified into two broad
categories - fixed and programmable.

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 Fixed Logic Devices:
As the name suggests, the circuits in a fixed
logic device are permanent, they perform one
function or set of functions - once
manufactured, they cannot be changed.
With fixed logic devices, the time required to
go from design, to prototypes, to a final
manufacturing run can take from several
months to more than a year, depending on the
complexity of the device.
And, if the device does not work properly, or
if the requirements change, a new design
must be developed.

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 Programmable Logic Devices
A programmable logic device(PLD) is an
electronic component used to build
reconfigurable digital circuits. Unlike a logic
gate, which has a fixed function, a PLD has an
undefined function at the time of
manufacture.
Before the PLD can be used in a circuit it
must be programmed, that is, reconfigured by
using a specialized program.
Simple programmable logic devices (SPLD)
are the simplest, smallest and least-expensive
forms of programmable logic devices
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Most SPLDs use either fuses or non-volatile
memory cells (EPROM, EEPROM, FLASH,
and others) to define the functionality.
On the other hand PLDs are standard, off-the-
shelf parts that offer customers a wide range
of logic capacity, features, speed, and voltage
characteristics - and these devices can be
changed at any time to perform any number
of functions.
With programmable logic devices, designers
use inexpensive software tools to quickly
develop, simulate, and test their designs.
Then, a design can be quickly programmed
into a device, and immediately tested in a live24
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 A full range of network-related equipment referred to as Service Enabling
Devices (SEDs), which can include:
 a network router,
 a DSL modem,(digital subscriber line)
 a DVD player, or
 an automotive navigation system.
 Traditional channel service unit (CSU) and data service unit (DSU)
 Switches
 Hosting equipment and servers
 Another key benefit of using PLDs is that during the design phase customers
can change the circuitry as often as they want until the design operates to their
satisfaction.
 That's because PLDs are based on rewriteable memory technology - to change
the design, simply reprogram the device.
 Once the design is final, customers can go into immediate production by
simply programming as many PLDs as they need with the final software
design file.
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Why is a computer referred to as a programmable device?
 Because what makes a computer a computer is that it follows a set of
instructions. Many electronic devices are computers that perform only one
operation, but they are still following instructions that reside permanently in
the unit.
List of some Programmable devices
 Achronix Speedster SPD60
 Actel’s
 Altera Stratix IV GT and Arria II GX
 Atmel’s AT91CAP7L
 Cypress Semiconductor’s programmable system-on-chip (PSoC) family
 Lattice Semiconductor’s ECP3
 Lime Microsystems’ LMS6002
 Silicon Blue Technologies
 Xilinx Virtex 6 and Spartan 6
 Xmos Semiconductor L series

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 Human to Machine Interaction
Human-machine interaction (HMI) refers to
the communication and interaction between a
human and a machine via a user interface.
Nowadays, natural user interfaces such as
gestures have gained increasing attention as
they allow humans to control machines
through natural and intuitive behaviors.
HCI (human-computer interaction) is the
study of how people interact with computers
and to what extent computers are or are not
developed for successful interaction with
human beings.
HCI consists of three parts: the user, the
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How do users interact with
computers?
Humans interact with computers in many
ways; the interface between humans and
computers is crucial to facilitate this
interaction.
Desktop applications, internet browsers,
handheld computers, and computer kiosks
make use of the prevalent graphical user
interfaces (GUI) of today.
The user interacts directly with hardware for
the human input and output such as displays,
e.g. through a graphical user interface. The
user interacts with the computer over this
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 How important is human-computer
interaction?
The goal of HCI is to improve the interaction
between users and computers by making
computers more user-friendly and receptive to
the user's needs.
The main advantages of HCI are simplicity, ease
of deployment & operations and cost savings for
smaller set-ups.
They also reduce solution design time and
integration complexity.
HMI is all about how people and automated
systems interact and communicate with each
other. That has long ceased to be confined to
just traditional machines in industry and now 29
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Disciplines Contributing to Human-Computer
Interaction (HCI)
Cognitive psychology: Limitations,
information processing, performance prediction,
cooperative working, and capabilities.
Computer science: Including graphics,
technology, prototyping tools, user interface
management systems.
Linguistics.
Engineering and design.
Artificial intelligence.
Human factors.

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Smooth communication between people and
machines requires interfaces. The place
where or action by which a user engages with
the machine. Simple examples are light
switches or the pedals and steering wheel in
a car.
However, a system can also be controlled by
text being keyed in, a mouse, touch screens,
voice or gestures.
Voice user interfaces (VUI) are used for
speech recognition and synthesizing systems.

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 How it works ?
The devices are either controlled directly:
Users touch the smartphone’s screen or issue
a verbal command. Or the systems
automatically identify what people want:
Traffic lights change color on their own when
a vehicle drives over the inductive loop in the
road’s surface.
Other technologies are not so much there to
control devices, but rather to complement our
sensory organs. One example of that is virtual
reality glasses. There are also digital
assistants:
Chatbots, for instance, reply automatically to
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Eliza, the first chatbot, was invented in the
1960s, but soon ran up against its limitations:
It couldn’t answer follow-up questions.
Today’s chatbots “work” in customer service
and give written or spoken information on
departure times or services.
To do that, they respond to keywords,
examine the user’s input and reply on the
basis of preprogrammed rules and routines.
Modern chatbots work with artificial
intelligence. Digital assistants like Google
Home and Google Assistant are also chatbots.
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They all learn from the requests and thus
expand their repertoire on their own, without
direct intervention by a human.
The more chatbots understand and the better
they respond, the closer we come to
communication that resembles a conversation
between two people. Big data also plays a
role here:
If more information is available to the bots,
they can respond in a more specific way and
give more appropriate replies.
Gesture control and voice recognition also
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Future Trends in Emerging Technologies
Emerging technology trends in 2019
5G Networks
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Autonomous Devices
Block chain
Augmented Analytics
Digital Twins
Enhanced Edge Computing and
Immersive Experiences in Smart Spaces

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End of chapter one

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