ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY

SAWLA CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE
ENGINEERING

HEAT TRANSFER (MEng3192)

Chapter One
INTRODUCTION TO HEAT AND MASS
TRANSFER

Henok G.
 Objective
The objectives of this course are
To provide students with a clear and
through presentation of the
fundamental concepts and principles
of heat and mass transfer
To provide an understanding of
relevance of heat transfer
To illustrate the knowledge of heat
transfer can be used with principle of
conservation of energy for solving
technology and society problems.
2
 outline
• Definition of heat transfer
• Conduction heat transfer
• Convection heat transfer
• Radiation heat transfer
• Relevance of heat transfer

3
 DEFINITION :
 Heat transfer (or heat) : is thermal energy in
transit due to spatial temperature difference.
 When ever a temperature difference exists
between in a medium/media, heat transfer will
occur.
 There are three modes of heat transfer. These
are:
 Conduction: is the transfer of energy from the
more energetic particles of a substance to the
less energetic, as a result of interaction
between particles.
 Convection: Occurs due to temperature
4 difference between a surface and a moving
fluid
 Cont…

Figure 1-1 conduction, convection, and

radiation heat transfer mode

5
 Cont…
Recall: the difference between
Heat and Temperature.
Thermodynamics and Heat transfer
Thermodynamics Heat Transfer
• TD is concerned with the • It helps to determine the
amount of heat and work rate at which energy is
transfer and it gives no transferred to or from a
indication about the system due to temp.
rate(how long). difference.
• The science of TD deals with • For HT, temp. gradient
the equilibrium states of must exist and such HT is a
matter and precludes the non equilibrium process.
existence of a temp.
gradient.
• TD does not provide any • HT helps to predict the
information on the nature of temp. distribution within
interactions and the time the regions of matter.
rate at which interactions
occur. Eg:- Cooling of a hot
steel bar in water.
6
It tells us: It tells us:
 1.2. PHYSICAL MECHANISMS AND RATE
EQUATIONS

1.2.1 Conduction
 Conduction heat transfers are realized at the

atomic and molecular level.

 At these levels there will be interactions between

particles and conduction may be viewed as energy

transfer from a more energetic fluid to the less
energetic fluid.
 Consider a stationary gas between two surfaces at

different temperatures (T1>T2).

7
 Cont…

Figure 1-2 Association of conduction heat transfer with

diffusion of energy due to molecular activity

8
 Cont…

 Examples of conduction heat transfer:

1. The exposed end of a metal spoon in a hot fluid will have

a high temperature.

2. Heat gain through the walls of a room on a hot day and

plenty of other examples.

 Quantification of conductive heat transfer uses the
famous Fourier’s law that determines the amount of
energy transferred per unit time.
 The rate of heat conduction through a medium depends on

the geometry, thickness, and the material of the medium,

as well as the temperature difference across the medium.
9
 Cont…
 For the one dimensional plane wall given in fig

below:

 Heat transfer rate per unit area (heat flux) of a

plane wall is proportional to the temperature

T
 ''
qx 
difference and inversely
10 x proportional to the
 Cont…

 Using lim Δx→0 and proportionality constant k, a

thermal transport property of the substance called

thermal conductivity, the instantaneous heat flux
at any location dT
is given by
q "x  k  (1.1)
dx
q "x heat flux (W / m 2 )

k = thermal conductivity (W/m.K)

 The minus sign is due to a decrease of temperature
with increase in x.
 For steady state conduction and linear temperature
distribution
dT T2  T1
 and q
T  T1
 "x  k 2 or
dx L L
11 T  T2 ΔT
 "x k 1
q k  (1.2)
L L
 Conduction through Plane Walls
 Conduction heat transfer is a progressive exchange
of energy between the molecules of a substance.
Fourier's law of heat
conduction is:

where: = heat flow

per unit time (W)
= thermal
conductivity (W/m⋅K)
= area
normal to heat flow (m2)
=
temperature gradient in the
12
direction
 Cont…
• Integrating Fourier's law:

• Since T2>T1, the heat flows from right to left in

the above figure.

Example 1.1: A flat wall is composed of 20 cm of

brick (kt = 0.72 W/m⋅K). The right face
temperature of the brick is 900°C, and the left
face temperature of the brick is 20°C. Determine
T right = 900°C
the rate of heat conduction through the wall per
T left = 20°C
unit area of wall.
13
 Cont…

Example 1.2: The wall of an industrial

furnace is constructed from 0.15m thick fire
clay brick having a thermal conductivity of 1.7
W/m.K. Measurements made during steady
state operation reveal temperatures of 1400
and 1150 K at the inner and outer surfaces,
respectively. What is the rate of heat loss
through a wall that is 0.5 m by 3 m?

14
 1.2.2 Convection

 Convection is the heat transfer between a fluid

in motion and a surface at different temperature

as shown in fig below:

15
Figure 1-4 Boundary layer development in
 Cont…
Types of convective heat transfers

1. Forced convection: flow caused by external

means (fans, pumps, atmospheric winds, etc.)

2. Free (natural) convection: flow caused by

density variation, usually caused by buoyancy

16
Fig. 1.5 a) Forced convection b) Natural convection
 Cont…

 Conditions corresponding to mixed

(combined): forced and natural convection
may exist.
 This may occur if the buoyant force is large in a

forced flow with low velocity.

 The general relationship for convection heat

transfer follows after Newton’s law of

cooling given by:

17
 Cont…

Where:
 h = is the convection heat transfer coefficient,

 A = is the surface area through which heat takes place,

 Ts = is the surface temperature, and

 Tf = is bulk fluid temperature away from the surface.

 Heat flux is presumed positive if Ts > T∞ and negative

if Ts < T∞.

18
 Cont…

Fig.1.4 Boundary layer development in convection

heat transfer
1

19
 1.2.3 Radiation
 Thermal radiation: is energy emitted by matter
that is at a non-zero temperature.
 This energy is transported by electromagnetic
waves or alternatively, photons.
 Unlike conduction or convection, it does not
require the presence of a material medium.
 Radiation heat transfer is efficient in vacuum.
 The radiative energy transferred is proportional
to the fourth power of the absolute
temperatures of the emissive body.

20
Where: σ = is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant
(5.67x10-8 W/m2.K4)
 Cont…

 Such a surface is called an ideal radiator or

blackbody.
 For a real surface, the emissive power is given
by:

Where: ε = is emissivity, a radiation property

of the surface which value is in the range
 Radiation may also be incident on a surface,

Such incident radiation is termed as

21
irradiation and designated by G.
 Cont…

Fig.1.6 Radiation exchange: (a) at a surface and (b)

between a surface and a large surroundings.
22
1
 Cont…

 The amount depends on the radiation property of the

material and this property is called absorptivity α.

 The absorbed portion is given by:

Gabs = αG

 α = is a fraction whose range of values is:

 Some may be reflected and the remaining will be

transmitted (semitransparent material), again the

quantity dependent on the radiation properties called
reflectivity ρ, and transmissivity τ.
 Under the net rate of radiation heat transfer from the

23 surface, per unit area is:

 Cont…
 The surface may also simultaneously transfer heat by
convection to an adjacent gas.
 Consider a surface at temperature Ts in an enclosure at
surface temperature Tsur as shown in fig.1.6.
 If the enclosure is large the surrounding can be
assumed to be a black surface and for a gray enclosed
surface α = ε.
 Under this assumption the net rate of radiation heat
transfer from the surface, per unit area is
q rad
q rad 
"
εσTs4  αG εσ(Ts4  Tsur
4
)
A
 In many applications it is convenient to write as
Newton’ cooling law equation
q rad h r A(Ts – Tsur )
with its corresponding radiation heat transfer coefficient
hr given by h εσ(T  T )(T 2  T 2 )
24 r s sur s sur
 Cont…

 Then the total heat transfer from this surface becomes:

q q conv  q rad hA(Ts - T )  A (Ts4 - Tsur

4
)

 Example 1.3: An uninsulated steam pipe passes through a

room in which the air and walls are at 25 oC. The outside
diameter of the pipe is 70 mm, and its surface temperature
and emissivity are 200oC and 0.8, respectively. What are the
surface emissive power and irradiation? If the coefficient
associated with free convection heat transfer from the
surface to the air is 15 W/m 2.K, what is the rate of heat loss
from the surface per unit length of pipe?

25
 Cont…

26
 1.3 ENERGY CONSERVATION
 The first law of thermodynamics is an essential tool to

formulate the general heat transfer equations.

 Based on experimental observations, the first law of

thermodynamics states that:

“Energy can be neither created nor destroyed during a
process; it can only change forms.”

1.3.1 Control mass and Control Volume

 The closed system (fixed mass) is: where the interaction

with the surrounding is due to work and heat transfer.

 For the closed system where the mass never crosses the
27
system boundary, then the energy balance is:
 Cont…

 Application of the 1st Law gives:

Esttot Q  W

 The Conservation of energy principles for open

systems or control volumes apply to systems

having mass crossing the system boundary or
control surface.
 The open system (CV) may include both steady

and unsteady flow situations with energy

28
generation.
 Cont…

Fig.1.7 Conservation of energy for a control volume

and control mass
1

29
 Cont…

 Conservation of energy requires:

“The rate of increase of thermal and mechanical

energy stored in the control volume must equal
to the rate at which thermal and mechanical
energy enter the control volume, minus the rate
at which thermal and mechanical energy leave
the control volume, plus the rate at which
thermal energy is generated within the control
volume.”
E in / Eflow,
 Designating energy  generation,

out , E g , E st
storage rates as

30
 Cont…

 The energy conservation equation becomes

 For unsteady process, the energy equation is

better in integrated form which will look like:

ΔEst = Ein + Eg – Eout

Where:

Ein and Eout= Inlet and outlets energy of the

control surface
Eg = is heat generation from chemical, electrical,
electromagnetic, or nuclear)
31 Est = energy changes within the control volume
 Cont…

ΔEst =ΔU + ΔKE + ΔPE

 As a rate, the general energy equation is given

by:

 For steady state dEcv/dt = 0 and negligible KE

and PE

Or
32
 Cont…

Fig.1.8 Conservation of energy: application to a

steady flow, open system at an instant of time.
1

33
 Cont…

 For a stationary control volume, Ecv= U


m
 For a closed system, = 0, gives

 For the steady control volume is shown in fig

above
 Integrated form over time gives;

Q-W = ΔU (with no energy generation)

34
 Cont…

Example 1.4: A long conducting rod of diameter

D and electrical resistance per unit length Re
is initially in thermal equilibrium with the
ambient air and its surroundings. This
equilibrium is disturbed when an electrical
current I is passed through the rod. Develop
an equation that could be used to compute
the variation of the rod temperature with time
during passage of current.
35 See figure given below:
 1.3.2 The Surface Energy Balance
 We will frequently have occasion to apply

conservation of energy requirement at the

surface.
 Since a surface is considered as one having
infinitesimally small thickness, the control
volume will degenerate into a control surface.

E g related
 All energies 0 and E to volume phenomena will
st 0

disappear i.e.
36 E in  E out 0
 Cont…

 The heat transfer due to conduction,

convection and radiation is balanced as:

 The above energy balance at the surface holds

true for unsteady heat transfer also.

 Figure below shows the surface energy balance

for convection, conduction and radiation heat

transfer.
37
 Cont…

Fig.1.9 The energy balance for conservation of energy

at the surface of a medium
1

38
 Cont…

Example 1.5: The coating on a plate is cured by

exposure to an infrared lamp providing an
irradiation of 2000 W/m2. It absorbs 80% of
the irradiation and has an emissivity of 0.5. It
is also exposed to an air flow and large
surroundings for which temperatures are
20oC and 30oC respectively.

If the convection coefficient between the plate

and the ambient air is 15 W/m2.K, what is the
cure temperature?
39
Plate is small object in large surroundings, and
 Cont…

 Figure for example 1.5

40
 Cont…
Example 1.6: A hydrogen-air Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel
cell has a 50 mm x 50 mm membrane electrode assembly. The
ionized H2 flows to the cathode while the electron flows through the

external connection. A current of 15 A and a voltage Ec=0.6 V are

measured. Saturated vapor conditions exist in the fuel cell,
corresponding to Tc= Tsat= 56.4oC. The overall electrochemical
reaction is exothermic with generation rate of 11.25 W. The
ambient and surrounding temperatures are T∞= Tsur= 25oC.

The convection heat transfer coefficient , dependent on the

velocity of the cooling air is given by the relation ,,V in
m/s. The exterior surface of the fuel cell has an emissivity of ε=0.8.
Determine the value of the cooling air velocity needed to maintain
steady state operating conditions.
41
 Cont…

42
 Cont…

43
 Figure for Example 1.6
 1.4 RELEVANCE (APPLICATION) OF
HEAT TRANSFER

What is the value of this knowledge? And to

what problems may it be applied?

1. Efficiency of gas turbine engine increases with

temperature. The combustion temperatures

currently used in this engines far exceed the
melting point of the exotic alloys used to
manufacture the turbine blades and vanes.
Safe operations achieved by three means.

44 a) Relatively cool gases are injected through

 Cont…

 The cool gases stay on the surface as they are

carried downstream and help insulate the

blade from the hot combustion gases.

b) The layer of very low thermal conductivity,

ceramic thermal barrier coating are

applied to the blades and vanes to provide an
extra layer of insulation. These coatings are
produced by spraying molten ceramic
powders onto the engine components.
45 Plasma spray guns operating in excess of
 Cont…

 All carefully configured by the heat transfer

engineer to allow the gas turbine engine to

operate under such extreme conditions.
 Efficiencies of emerging energy conversion
devices, fuel cells, increase with temperature.
 But high operating temperatures and large

internal temperature gradients can cause the

delicate polymeric materials within the fuel cell
to fail.
46
 Cont…

2. Heat transfer is also important in natural systems.

It marks the boundary between sickness and

health.

Hypothermia-due to excessive cooling of body

Heat stroke- triggered in warm, humid

environment
 Both are deadly and are associated with core
temperatures exceeding physiological limits.

47
 Cont…

 This is directly linked to convection, radiation,

and evaporation process occurring at the

surface of the body, transport of heat within
the body, and the metabolic energy generated
volumetrically within the body.
 In biomedical engineering laser surgery uses

fundamental heat transfer principle. Used in

Hypothermal: treatments-purposely destroy,

for example cancerous lesions
48
Cryosugery: localized freezing to selectively
 Cont…

3.Many ordinary household appliances are designed, in whole

or in part, by using the principles of heat transfer. Some
examples:
Design of the heating and air-conditioning system, the
refrigerator and freezer, the water heater, the iron, and even
the computer, the TV, and the VCR
 Energy-efficient homes are designed on the basis of
minimizing heat loss in winter and heat gain in summer.
Heat transfer plays a major role in the design of many other
devices, such as car radiators, solar collectors, various
components of power plants, and even spacecraft.
 The optimal insulation thickness in the walls and roofs of the
houses, on hot water or steam pipes, or on water heaters is
again determined on the basis of a heat transfer analysis with
economic consideration

49
 Cont…

Fig 1.10 Application of heat transfer

50
 Cont…
 Example 1.7: Humans are able to control their heat production rate
and heat loss rate to maintain a nearly constant core temperature of
=37°C under a wide range of environmental conditions. This process
is called thermoregulation. From the perspective of calculating heat
transfer between a human body and its surroundings, we focus on a
layer of skin and fat, with its outer surface exposed to the
environment and its inner Surface at a temperature slightly less
than the core temperature, =35 = 308K. Consider a person with a
skin/fat layer of thickness L =3 mm and effective thermal
conductivity k =0.3 W/m.K The person has a surface area A=1.8 m 2
and is dressed in a bathing suit. The emissivity of the skin is ε=0.95.
1. When the person is in still air at =297 K, what is the skin surface
temperature and rate of heat loss to the environment ?Convection
heat transfer to the air s characterized by a free convection
coefficient of h=2 W/m2.K. (take hr=5.9 W/m2.K)
2. When the person is in water at =297 K, what is the skin surface
temperature and heat loss rate? Heat transfer to the water is
51 characterized by a convection coefficient of h 2000 W/m 2.K
  Figure for Example 1.7

52
 End of chapter one

Next Lecture:
ONE DIMENSIONAL STEADY STATE CONDUCTION

53