Android versions

Version Description Feature

Android 1.0 (No name) released on 23 September 2008 and after This version marked the beginning of
that, it was updated to1.1 on 9 February Android and it came with a physical
2009. keyboard, notification in status
bar,camera support

Android 1.5 Cupcake On 27 April 2009, Android update 1.5 It was the first Android version to have
Cupcake was released an on-screen keyboard instead of a
physical keyboard attached to the
mobile earlier; this marked a big
revolution. It also supported third-
party widgets.

Android 1.6 Donut Android Donut was released on15 In this version, Android included
September 2009 with an updated version. CDMA network support . The donut
was the first version that included
Quick Search Box that allowed users
to accomplish a lot of functions like
web-search, store contacts, local files
and more directly from home screen.
Version Description Feature
Android 2.0 Eclair On 26 October 2009,Android 2.0 Eclair was Turn-by-turn directions using Google Maps data
released with Motorola Droid phone included several features found in car
navigation such as 3D view, voice guidance and
traffic information that too without any
charges. This version added HTML5 support to
browser, ability to play videos and added screen
lock to swipe to unlock.

Android 2.2 Froyo On 20 May 2010,Android 2.2 Froyo was This update took Android voice capabilities to
released in Nexus One, which was the first the next level with Voice Action, which allowed
Nexus phone to be released users to perform functions such as searching,
getting directions, making notes, setting alarms
and more with only sound.

Android 2.3 On 6 December 2010,Google released Nexus S It featured some more sensors like gyroscope,
Gingerbread with Android 2.3 Gingerbread barometers, gravimeters, etc. This version
improved the keyboard which offered new
interface for keys and added battery
management so that users could see the
performance of their device.
Version Description Feature
Android 3.0 Android 3.0 Honeycomb was released on 22 This version,basically designed for
Honeycomb February 2011 in Motorola Xoom. It was later tablet,enhanced the facility of reading books,
updated to3.1 and 3.2. watching videos, exploring maps and doing
many more things. In this version,Physical
Home, Back and Menu buttons were removed
and replaced with softkeys that were used in
navigation.

Android 4.0 Android 4.0 IceCream Sandwich was released It contained many of Honeycomb’s features
IceCreamSandwich on 19 October 2011 with Samsung Galaxy such asvirtual keys for Home, Back and Menu
Nexus. buttons as well as new features such as face
unlock, swipe away recent apps, notifications,
and 1080p video recording, etc.

Android 4.1 On 27 June 2017, Android 4.1 JellyBean was it featured Google Now that allowed people to
JellyBean released get information. Google Now gave weather
information to know the time to commute
before leaving home. This version added
notification expanding feature and direct action
from notifications.
Version Description Feature
Android 4.4 KitKat Android 4.4 KitKat was released on 25 June featured the “OkGoogle” feature so that people
2014 with Nexus 5 could access Google Now without touching the
phone with their hands. This hands-free
activation worked only when screen was on.
People were able to send text, get directions or
even play a song.

Android 5.0 On 25 June 2014, Android 5.0 Lollypop was The Lollipop version supported all screen sizesin
Lollipop released with Nexus 6. both phones and tablets, TV, and Android Wear
Watch. It also added direct notifications feature
from lock screen so that users could view
notification on lock screen and respond to the
messages directly from home screen.

Android 6.0 On 28 May 2015, the Android version 6.0 t included features such as a new vertically
Marshmallow Marshmallow was released with Nexus 6P and scrolling app drawer along with Google
Nexus 5X smartphones
Version Description Feature
Android 7.0 Nougat Android 7.0 Nought was released on 22 August This version included multitasking enabling
2016 with Pixel and Pixel XL, along with the LG people to use split-screen mode that allowed
V20. use of two apps at the same screen and quick
switching between apps.

Android 8.0 Oreo Android8.0 Oreostable version was released on This version allowed short notifications based
21 August 2017. on importance and ability of snooze
notification. It also included visual changes such
as settings menu, along with native support for
picture-in-picture mode

Android 9.0 Pie On 6 August 2018,Android 9.0 Piewas released. It does not have three button setup at the
bottom buthas only single pill-shaped button
and gestures for controlling things like swiping
left-right to switch between recently opened
apps, etc.
1.4 Android Architecture
1. Applications-
Android application at the top layer.
Examples – Email client ,SMS Programs MAPS , ContactBooks, Browser, Games etc.

2. Application Framework- provides many higher-level services to applications in the form of Java classes.
Activity Manager − Controls all aspects of the application lifecycle and activity stack.
Window Manger- organizes the screen layout
View System- views the window
Content Providers − share data with other applications.
Resource Manager − downloads some other applications which is not own
Notifications Manager − to display alerts and notifications to the user.
Telephone Manager- to handle the receiver call or voice call
Location manger- locate the mobile device Ex- GPS
XMPP Service Manager- service like music ,ringtone, browser
3. Libraries- this layer communicated with application framework. Communication happens through java native interface
Surface Manger-
1.Activity Manager 2. Window manager 3.view system Manager(like frame ,button, image)

Open GL-ES- provides 3D graphics libraries

SQLite- use SQLITE which is an open source and lightweight

Media Framework- calls the components to play and view video-audio

Free Type- support the font quality, image

Secured socket layer(SSL)- These libraries are there for Internet security.

Webkit- giving the browser support

Lib c- c libraries
4. Android runtime-
DVM-
DVM- .dex files
Allows memory management ,security
Core libraries-
Data structures
File access
Network access
Graphics
5.Linux Kernal-
is responsible for device drivers, power management, memory management, device management and resource
access.
 Tools and software required for developing an Android Application

The tools can be generally categorized into two types.

• SDK tools
• Platform tools

SDK tools-
SDK tools are generally platform independent and are required no matter which android platform you are
working on. When you install the Android SDK into your system, these tools get automatically installed.
1. android tool- This tool lets you manage AVDs, projects, and the installed components of the SDK
2. ddms(Dalvik Debuger Monitor server) - This tool lets you debug Android applications.
3. emulator tool- This tools let you test your applications without using a physical device.
4. ADB(android debug bridge) -helpful for communication between developer & emulator or android
device
4. mksdcard- Helps you create a disk image (external sdcard storage) that you can use with the emulator
5. sqlite3- Lets you access the SQLite data files created and used by Android applications
Platform tools-
The platform tools are customized to support the features of the latest android platform.
The platform tools are typically updated every time you install a new SDK platform. Each update of the platform
tools is backward compatible with older platforms.
Some of the platform tools are listed below −
1. Android Debug bridge (ADB)
2. Android Interface definition language (AIDL)- It allows you to define the programming interface that both the
client and service agree upon in order to communicate with each other using interprocess
3. Aapt (Android Asset Packaging Tool)- is a build tool that Android Studio use to compile and package your app's
resources.
4. dexdump and dex etc.