CE-MATH 5:

ENGINEERING
DATA ANALYSIS
INSTRUCTOR: MADELINE C. PANGILINAN
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course is designed for undergraduate engineering students with
emphasis on problem solving related to societal issues that engineers and
scientists are called upon to solve. It introduces different methods of data
collection and the suitability of using a particular method for a given
situation. The relationship of probability to statistics is also discussed,
providing students with the tools they need to understand how “chance” a
role in statistical analysis. Probability distribution of random variables and
their uses are also considered, along with a discussion of linear functions
of random variables within the context of their application to data analysis
and inference. The course also includes estimation techniques for
unknown parameters; and hypothesis testing used in making inferences
from sample to population; inference for regression parameters and build
models for estimating means and predicting future values of key variables
under study. Finally, statistically based experimental design techniques
and analysis of outcomes of experiments are discussed with the aid of
statistical software.
GRADING SYTEM
INTRODUCTION:
DATA
COLLECTION
THE BEGINNINGS OF
STATISTICS

The History of Statistics can be said to start
around 1749 although, over time, there have
been changes to the interpretation of the word
statistics. In early times, the meaning was
restricted to information about states. In
modern times, “statistics” means both sets of
collected information, as in national accounts
and temperature records, and analytical work
which requires statistical inference.
DEFINITION
Statistics is the science and art of
dealing with figures and facts.
Statistics is well defined as collection,
presentation, analysis and interpretation
of numerical data collected from
different sources.
STATISTICAL DATA
 A sequence of observation, made on a set of
objects included in the sample drawn from
population is known as statistical data.
 Data can be defined as the quantitative or
qualitative value of a variable (e.g. number,
images, words, figures, facts or ideas)
 It is the lowest unit of information from which other
measurements and analysis can be done.
 Data is one of the most important and vital aspect
of any research study.
DATA TYPES
 Continuous

Quantitativ
e
Discrete

Data Nominal

Attribute

Ordinal
Qualitative

Open
QUANTITATIVE DATA
Are measures of values or counts
and expressed as numbers
QUALITATIVE DATA
Defined as the data that approximates
and characterize.
Non-numerical in nature.
Collected through methods of
observations, one-on-one interviews and
similar methods.
CONTINUOUS DATA (VARIABLE)
Data that can take the form of
decimals or continuous values of
varying degrees of precision.
Example: height, weight
DISCRETE DATA (VARIABLE)
Data whose value cannot take the
form of decimals
Example: Family size, enrollment
size
ATTRIBUTE DATA
Data that can be counted for
recording and analysis
OPEN DATA
Data that is depending on the
sample and not given a specific
value on a possible set of responses
or answers.
NOMINAL DATA
Data defined by an operation which
allows making statements only
equality or difference.
Example: Gender, Race, Religion, Political
Affiliation
ORDINAL DATA
Data defined affiliation operation
whereby members of a particular
group are ranked.
Example: Awareness, IQ, SES
METHODS OF
DATA
COLLECTION
 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

 Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring

information on variables of interest, in an established
systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated
research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes.
 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
Collection of the data is the first step in conducting statistical
inquiry. It simply refers to the data gathering, a systematic method of
collecting and measuring data from different sources of information in
order to provide answers to relevant questions. This involves acquiring
information published literature, surveys through questionnaires or
interviews, experimentations, documents and records, tests or
examinations and other forms of data gathering instruments. The
person who conducts the inquiry is an investigator, the one who
helps in collecting information is an enumerator and information is
collected from a respondent. Data can be primary or secondary.
According to Wessel, “Data collected in the process of investigation
are known as primary data.” These are collected for the
investigator’s use from the primary source. Secondary data, on the
other hand, is collected by some other organization for their own use
but the investigator also gets it for his use. According to M.M. Blair,
“Secondary data are those already in existence for some other
purpose than answering the question in hand.”
 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
In the field of engineering, the three basic methods of
collecting data are through retrospective study,
observational study and through a designed experiment.
A retrospective study would use the population or sample of
the historical data which had been archived over some period
of time. It may involve a significant amount of data but those
data may contain relatively little useful information about the
problem, some of the relevant data may be missing, recording
errors or transcription may be present, or those other
important data may not have been gathered and archived.
These result in statistical analysis of historical data which
identifies interesting phenomena but difficulty of obtaining
solid and reliable explanations is encountered.
 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
In an observational study, however, process or population is
observed and disturbed as little as possible, and the quantities of
interests are recorded. In a designed experiment, deliberate or
purposeful changes in the controllable variables of the system or
process is done. The resulting system output data must be observed,
and an inference or decision about which variables are responsible for
the observed changes in output performance is made. Experiments
designed with basic principles such as randomization are needed to
establish cause-and-effect relationships. Much of what we know in the
engineering and physical-chemical sciences is developed through
testing or experimentation. In engineering, there are problem areas with
no scientific or engineering theory that are directly or completely
applicable, so experimentation and observation of the resulting data is
the only way to solve them. There are times there is a good underlying
scientific theory to explain the phenomena of interest. Tests or
experiments are almost always necessary to be conducted to confirm
the applicability and validity of the theory in a specific situation or
environment.
 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
Designed experiments are very important in
engineering design and development and in the improvement
of manufacturing processes in which statistical thinking and
statistical methods play an important role in planning,
conducting, and analyzing the data. (Montgomery, et al., 2018)
 TYPES OF DATA
1.PRIMARY DATA – data which are
collected fresh and for the first
time and thus happen to be
original in character.
2.SECONDARY DATA – data which
have been collected by someone
else and which have already been
passed through the statistical
process.
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION:
PRIMARY DATA
1. Observation
2. Interview
3. Questionnaire
4. Case Study
5. Survey
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION:
PRIMARY DATA
OBSERVATION
Observation method is a method
under which data from the field is
collected with the help of observation by
the observer or by personally going to
the field
 TYPES OF OBSERVATION
STRUCTURED AND UNSTRUCTURED
1. Structured Observation when observation is done
by characterizing style of recording the observed
information, standardized conditions of observation,
definition of the units to be observed, selection of
pertinent data of observation.
Example: An auditor performing inventory analysis in
store.
2. Unstructured Observation when observation is
done without any thought before observation.
Example: Observing children playing with new toys.
 TYPES OF OBSERVATION
PARTICIPANT AND NON-PARTICIPANT
1. Participant when the observer is member of the group
which he is observing.
Advantages:
1. Observation of natural behavior
2. Closeness with the group
3. Better understanding
2. Non-participant when observer is observing people without
giving any information to them.
Advantages:
1. Objectivity and neutrality
2. More willingness of the respondent
 TYPES OF OBSERVATION
CONTROLLED AND UNCONTROLLED
1. Controlled when the observation takes place in
natural condition. It is done to get spontaneous
picture of life and persons.

2. Uncontrolled when observation takes place

according to definite pre-arranged plans, with
experimental procedure then it is controlled
observation generally done in laboratory under
controlled condition.
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION:
PRIMARY DATA
INTERVIEW METHOD
Interview Method is a method of
collecting data involves presentation
or oral-verbal stimuli and reply in
terms of oral-verbal responses.
Interview method is an oral verbal
communication where interviewer asks
questions (which are aimed to get information
required for study) to respondent.
 TYPES OF INTERVIEW
1. Personal interviews: The interviewer asks questions
generally in a face to face contact to the other person or
persons.
2. Structured interviews: In this case, a set of pre-
decided questions are there.
3. Unstructured interviews: In this case, we don’t follow
a system of pre-determined questions.
4. Focused interviews: attention is focused on the given
experience of the respondent and its possible effects.
5. Clinical interviews: concerned with broad underlying
feelings or motivations or with the course of individual’s
life experience, rather than with the effects of the
specific experience, as in the case of focused interview
 TYPES OF INTERVIEW
6. Group interviews: a group of 6 to 8 individuals is
interviewed.
7. Qualitative and Quantitative interviews: divided on the
basis of subject matter i.e. whether qualitative or
quantitative.
8. Individual interviews: interviewer meets a single person
and interviews him.
9. Selection interviews: done for the selection of people for
certain jobs.
10.Depth interviews: it deliberately aims to elicit unconscious
as well as other types of material relating especially to
personality dynamics and motivations.
11.Telephonic interviews: contacting samples on telephone.
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION:
PRIMARY DATA
QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD
Questionnaire Method
This method of data collection is
quite popular, particularly in case of
big enquiries.
The questionnaire is mailed to respondents who are
expected to read and understand the questions
and write down the reply in the space meant for the
purpose in the questionnaire itself. The respondents
have to answer the questions on their own.
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION: PRIMARY
DATA
QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION:
PRIMARY DATA
CASECase
STUDY METHOD
Study Method is essentially
an intensive investigation of the
particular unit under consideration.
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION:
PRIMARY DATA
SURVEY METHOD
Survey Method is one of the
common methods of diagnosing and
solving of social problems is that of
undertaking surveys.
SOURCES OF DATA: SECONDARY
DATA
1. Publications of national and local
government.
2. Technical and trade journals
3. Books, magazines, newspapers
4. Reports & publications of industry, bank,
stock exchange
5. Reports by research scholars, universities,
economist
6. Public records
 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED
BEFORE USING SECONDARY DATA
1. Reliability of data – who, when, which
methods, at which time etc.
2. Suitability of data – object, scope, and nature
of original inquiry should be studied, as if the
study was with different objective then that
data is not suitable for current study.
3. Adequacy of data – level of accuracy, Area
differences then data is not adequate for
study.
 SELECTION OF PROPER METHOD
FOR
COLLECTION OF DATA
1. Nature, scope and object of inquiry
2. Availability of funds
3. Time factor
4. Precision required
DESIGNING A
SURVEY
DESIGNING A SURVEY
A survey is a method of asking respondents some well-
constructed questions. It is an efficient way of collecting information
and easy to administer wherein a wide variety of information can be
collected. The researcher can be focused and can stick to the questions
that interest him and are necessary in his statistical inquiry or study.
However surveys depend on the respondents honesty, motivation,
memory and his ability to respond. Sometimes answers may lead to
vague data. Surveys can be done through face-to-face interviews or
self-administered through the use of questionnaires. The advantages of
face-to-face interviews include fewer misunderstood questions, fewer
incomplete responses, higher response rates, and greater control over
the environment in which the survey is administered; also, the
researcher can collect additional information if any of the respondents’
answers need clarifying. The disadvantages of face-to-face interviews
are that they can be expensive and time-consuming and may require a
large staff of trained interviewers. In addition, the response can be
biased by the appearance or attitude of the interviewer.
DESIGNING A SURVEY
Self-administered surveys are less expensive than
interviews. It can be administered in large numbers and does
not require many interviewers and there is less pressure on
respondents. However, in self-administered surveys, the
respondents are more likely to stop participating mid-way
through the survey and respondents cannot ask to clarify their
answers. There are lower response rates than in personal
interviews.
WHEN DESIGNING A SURVEY, THE
FOLLOWING STEPS ARE USEFUL:
1. Determine the goal of the survey: What question do you want
to answer?
2. Identify the sample population: Whom will you interview?
3. Choose an interviewing method: face-to-face interview, phone
interview, self-administered paper survey, or internet survey.
4. Decide what questions you will ask in what order, and how
to phrase them. (This is important if there is more than one
piece of information you are looking for.)
5. Conduct the interview and collect the information.
6. Analyze the results by making graphs and drawing
conclusions.
 In choosing the respondents, sampling
techniques are necessary. Sampling is the
process of selecting units (e.g., people,
organizations) from a population of interest.
Sample must be a representative of the target
population. The target population is the entire
group a researcher is interested in; the group
about which the researcher wishes to draw
conclusions. There are two ways of selecting a
sample. These are the non-probability
sampling and the probability sampling.
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Non-probability sampling is also called
judgment or subjective sampling. This method is
convenient and economical but the inferences
made based on the findings are not so reliable.
The most common types of non-probability
sampling are the convenience sampling,
purposive sampling and quota sampling.
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
In convenience sampling, the researcher use a
device in obtaining the information from the
respondents which favors the researcher but can
cause bias to the respondents.
In purposive sampling, the selection of
respondents is predetermined according to the
characteristic of interest made by the researcher.
Randomization is absent in this type of sampling.
There are two types of quota sampling:
proportional and non proportional. In
proportional quota sampling the major
characteristics of the population by sampling a
proportional amount of each is represented.
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
For instance, if you know the population has
40% women and 60% men, and that you want a
total sample size of 100, you will continue
sampling until you get those percentages and
then you will stop.
Non-proportional quota sampling is a bit
less restrictive. In this method, a minimum
number of sampled units in each category is
specified and not concerned with having numbers
that match the proportions in the population.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
In probability sampling, every member of
the population is given an equal chance to be
selected as a part of the sample. There are
several probability techniques. Among these are
simple random sampling, stratified sampling
and cluster sampling.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Stratified Sampling
There may often be factors which divide up the
population into sub-populations (groups / strata) and
the measurement of interest may vary among the
different sub-populations. This has to be accounted for
when a sample from the population is selected in order
to obtain a sample that is representative of the
population. This is achieved by stratified sampling.
A stratified sample is obtained by taking samples
from each stratum or sub-group of a population. When a
sample is to be taken from a population with several
strata, the proportion of each stratum in the sample
should be the same as in the population.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Stratified Sampling
Stratified sampling techniques are generally used
when the population is heterogeneous, or dissimilar,
where certain homogeneous, or similar, sub-populations
can be isolated (strata). Simple random sampling is most
appropriate when the entire population from which the
sample is taken is homogeneous. Some reasons for using
stratified sampling over simple random sampling are:
1. the cost per observation in the survey may be
reduced;
2. estimates of the population parameters may be
wanted for each subpopulation;
3. increased accuracy at given cost.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Cluster Sampling
Cluster sampling is a sampling technique
where the entire population is divided into groups,
or clusters, and a random sample of these
clusters are selected. All observations in the
selected clusters are included in the sample.
EXAMPLE: DESIGNING A SURVEY
Martha wants to construct a survey that
shows which sports students at her school
like to play the most.
Step 1: List the goal of the survey
Step 2: What population should she interview?
Step 3: How should she administer the survey?
Step 4: Create a data collection sheet that she
can use to record her results
EXAMPLE: DESIGNING A SURVEY
Martha wants to construct a survey that shows which
sports students at her school like to play the most.

Step 1: The goal of the survey is to find the answer to the

question: “Which sports do students at Martha’s school like to play
the most?”

Step 2: A sample of the population would include a random

sample of the student population in Martha’s school. A good
strategy would be to randomly select students (using dice or a
random number generator) as they walk into an all-school
assembly.
EXAMPLE: DESIGNING A SURVEY
Martha wants to construct a survey that shows which sports
students at her school like to play the most.

Step 3: Face-to-face interviews are a good choice in this case. Interviews

will be easy to conduct since the survey consists of only one question
which can be quickly answered and recorded, and asking the question face
to face will help eliminate non-response bias.

Step 4:
EXAMPLE: DESIGNING A SURVEY
Juan wants to construct a survey that shows
how many hours per week the average
student at his school works.
Step 1: List the goal of the survey
Step 2: What population should he interview?
Step 3: How should he administer the survey?
Step 4: Create a data collection sheet that he
can use to record his results
EXAMPLE: DESIGNING A SURVEY
Juan wants to construct a survey that shows how many hours
per week the average student at his school works. Juan
suspects that older students might work more hours per week
than younger students.

Step 1: The goal of the survey is to find the answer to the question:
“How many hours per week does average student at his school work?”

Step 2: A stratified sample of the student population would be

appropriate in this case. He would need to find out what proportion of
the students in his school are in each grade level, and then include the
same proportion in his sample.
EXAMPLE: DESIGNING A SURVEY
Juan wants to construct a survey that shows how many hours per
week the average student at his school works. Juan suspects that
older students might work more hours per week than younger
students.

Step 3: Face-to-face interviews are a good choice in this case since the
survey consists of two short questions which can be quickly answered and
recorded.
Step 4:
PLANNING AND
CONDUCTING
EXPERIMENTS:
INTRODUCTION TO
DESIGN OF
EXPERIMENTS
PLANNING AND CONDUCTING
EXPERIMENTS: INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN
OF The
EXPERIMENTS
products and processes in the engineering and scientific
disciplines are mostly derived from experimentation. An
experiment is a series of tests conducted in a systematic
manner to increase the understanding of an existing process or
to explore a new product or process. Design of Experiments,
or DOE, is a tool to develop an experimentation strategy that
maximizes learning using minimum resources. Design of
Experiments is widely and extensively used by engineers and
scientists in improving existing process through maximizing the
yield and decreasing the variability or in developing new
products and processes. It is a technique needed to identify the
"vital few" factors in the most efficient manner and then directs
the process to its best setting to meet the ever-increasing
demand for improved quality and increased productivity.
PLANNING AND CONDUCTING
EXPERIMENTS: INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN
OF EXPERIMENTS
The methodology of DOE ensures that all
factors and their interactions are systematically
investigated resulting to reliable and complete
information. There are five stages to be carried
out for the design of experiments. These are
planning, screening, optimization,
robustness testing and verification.
PLANNING AND CONDUCTING
EXPERIMENTS: INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN
OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Planning
It is important to carefully plan for the course of experimentation
before embarking upon the process of testing and data collection. At
this stage, identification of the objectives of conducting the experiment
or investigation, assessment of time and available resources to achieve
the objectives. Individuals from different disciplines related to the
product or process should compose a team who will conduct the
investigation. They are to identify possible factors to investigate and
the most appropriate responses to measure. A team approach
promotes synergy that gives a richer set of factors to study and thus a
more complete experiment. Experiments which are carefully planned
always lead to increased understanding of the product or process. Well
planned experiments are easy to execute and analyze using the
available statistical software.
PLANNING AND CONDUCTING
EXPERIMENTS: INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN
OF EXPERIMENTS
2. Screening
Screening experiments are used to identify the
important factors that affect the process under
investigation out of the large pool of potential
factors. Screening process eliminates unimportant
factors and attention is focused on the key
factors. Screening experiments are usually
efficient designs which require few executions and
focus on the vital factors and not on interactions.
PLANNING AND CONDUCTING
EXPERIMENTS: INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN
OF EXPERIMENTS
3. Optimization
After narrowing down the important factors
affecting the process, then determine the best
setting of these factors to achieve the objectives
of the investigation. The objectives may be to
either increase yield or decrease variability or to
find settings that achieve both at the same time
depending on the product or process under
investigation.
PLANNING AND CONDUCTING
EXPERIMENTS: INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN
OF EXPERIMENTS
4. Robustness Testing
Once the optimal settings of the factors have been
determined, it is important to make the product or
process insensitive to variations resulting from changes
in factors that affect the process but are beyond the
control of the analyst. Such factors are referred to as
noise or uncontrollable factors that are likely to be
experienced in the application environment. It is
important to identify such sources of variation and take
measures to ensure that the product or process is
made robust or insensitive to these factors.
PLANNING AND CONDUCTING
EXPERIMENTS: INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN
OF EXPERIMENTS
5. Verification
This final stage involves validation of the
optimum settings by conducting a few follow-up
experimental runs. This is to confirm that the
process functions as expected and all objectives
are achieved.
SEATWORK 1
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
1. What does the term "statistics" mean in
modern times?
a. Information about states
b. Sets of collected information and analytical
work
c. A method of guessing trends
d. Historical accounts
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
2. What is the first stage in the Design of
Experiments (DOE)?
a. Optimization
b. Verification
c. Planning
d. Screening
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
3. Stratified sampling is best used when:
a. The population is homogeneous
b. Sub-populations need to be represented
proportionally
c. Randomization is unnecessary
d. The researcher wants convenience
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
4. Data that can take decimal values is referred
to as:
a. Discrete data
b. Attribute data
c. Continuous data
d. Nominal data
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
5. What is the primary advantage of a designed
experiment?
a. It requires no prior planning
b. It establishes cause-and-effect relationships
c. It uses historical data
d. It avoids randomization
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
6. Which sampling technique gives every member
of the population an equal chance of selection?
a. Convenience sampling
b. Stratified sampling
c. Cluster sampling
d. Simple random sampling
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
7. Which of the following is NOT a method of data
collection?
a. Observation
b. Questionnaire
c. Literature review
d. Guessing
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
8. What is an example of nominal data?
a. Age of a person
b. Gender
c. Height in centimeters
d. IQ scores
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
9. Which type of interview method involves
multiple participants?
a. Personal interviews
b. Telephonic interviews
c. Group interviews
d. Depth interviews
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
10. In data analysis, primary data refers to:
a. Data collected by others
b. Original data collected for the first time
c. Archived historical data
d. Summarized statistics
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
11. What is the main characteristic of qualitative
data?
a. Expressed as numbers
b. Describes attributes or characteristics
c. Contains decimal values
d. Fixed numerical values
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
12. What is the goal of a survey?
a. To guess results
b. To collect specific information systematically
c. To summarize findings randomly
d. To reduce data variability
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
13. What is a retrospective study based on?
a. Observation of future events
b. Controlled experimentation
c. Historical data
d. Random sampling
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
14. Which method involves minimal disturbance
to the population being studied?
a. Observational study
b. Retrospective study
c. Designed experiment
d. Cluster sampling
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
15. What is the purpose of screening in
experiments?
a. To eliminate unnecessary factors
b. To find optimal settings
c. To validate prior experiments
d. To test hypotheses
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
16. What distinguishes primary data from
secondary data?
a. It is collected for the first time
b. It is always qualitative
c. It is derived from historical archives
d. It is free from errors
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
17. What is an example of a structured
observation?
a. Watching students during a free play session
b. Counting items during an inventory analysis
c. Interviewing participants without a guide
d. Observing natural behavior with no pre-set
criteria
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
18. What is an advantage of using face-to-face
interviews in surveys?
a. Lower response rates
b. Less cost-intensive
c. Fewer misunderstood questions
d. Requires minimal staffing
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
19. Which of the following is a disadvantage of
self-administered surveys?
a. Low response rates
b. High cost
c. Requires interviewers
d. Limited to face-to-face interaction
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
20. Which sampling method does NOT use
randomization?
a. Simple random sampling
b. Stratified sampling
c. Convenience sampling
d. Cluster sampling
II. IDENTIFY WHETHER THE STATEMENT IS TRUE OR
FALSE.
1. Secondary data is collected directly by the
investigator.
2. Ordinal data can be ranked but does not
indicate precise differences between
ranks.
3. Stratified sampling ignores sub-
populations in the sampling process.
4. A retrospective study collects future data.
5. Quantitative data is always expressed in
numbers.
II. IDENTIFY WHETHER THE STATEMENT IS TRUE OR
FALSE.
6. Cluster sampling requires random selection
of clusters and includes all members within
selected clusters.
7. Observation is considered a method of data
collection.
8. A designed experiment can establish cause-
and-effect relationships.
9. Convenience sampling is a type of
probability sampling.
10.Nominal data is used for ranking items in a
ANSWER KEY
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
1. What does the term "statistics" mean in
modern times?
a. Information about states
b. Sets of collected information and analytical
work
c. A method of guessing trends
d. Historical accounts
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
2. What is the first stage in the Design of
Experiments (DOE)?
a. Optimization
b. Verification
c. Planning
d. Screening
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
3. Stratified sampling is best used when:
a. The population is homogeneous
b. Sub-populations need to be represented
proportionally
c. Randomization is unnecessary
d. The researcher wants convenience
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
4. Data that can take decimal values is referred
to as:
a. Discrete data
b. Attribute data
c. Continuous data
d. Nominal data
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
5. What is the primary advantage of a designed
experiment?
a. It requires no prior planning
b. It establishes cause-and-effect relationships
c. It uses historical data
d. It avoids randomization
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
6. Which sampling technique gives every member
of the population an equal chance of selection?
a. Convenience sampling
b. Stratified sampling
c. Cluster sampling
d. Simple random sampling
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
7. Which of the following is NOT a method of data
collection?
a. Observation
b. Questionnaire
c. Literature review
d. Guessing
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
8. What is an example of nominal data?
a. Age of a person
b. Gender
c. Height in centimeters
d. IQ scores
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
9. Which type of interview method involves
multiple participants?
a. Personal interviews
b. Telephonic interviews
c. Group interviews
d. Depth interviews
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
10. In data analysis, primary data refers to:
a. Data collected by others
b. Original data collected for the first time
c. Archived historical data
d. Summarized statistics
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
11. What is the main characteristic of qualitative
data?
a. Expressed as numbers
b. Describes attributes or characteristics
c. Contains decimal values
d. Fixed numerical values
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
12. What is the goal of a survey?
a. To guess results
b. To collect specific information systematically
c. To summarize findings randomly
d. To reduce data variability
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
13. What is a retrospective study based on?
a. Observation of future events
b. Controlled experimentation
c. Historical data
d. Random sampling
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
14. Which method involves minimal disturbance
to the population being studied?
a. Observational study
b. Retrospective study
c. Designed experiment
d. Cluster sampling
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
15. What is the purpose of screening in
experiments?
a. To eliminate unnecessary factors
b. To find optimal settings
c. To validate prior experiments
d. To test hypotheses
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
16. What distinguishes primary data from
secondary data?
a. It is collected for the first time
b. It is always qualitative
c. It is derived from historical archives
d. It is free from errors
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
17. What is an example of a structured
observation?
a. Watching students during a free play session
b. Counting items during an inventory analysis
c. Interviewing participants without a guide
d. Observing natural behavior with no pre-set
criteria
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
18. What is an advantage of using face-to-face
interviews in surveys?
a. Lower response rates
b. Less cost-intensive
c. Fewer misunderstood questions
d. Requires minimal staffing
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
19. Which of the following is a disadvantage of
self-administered surveys?
a. Low response rates
b. High cost
c. Requires interviewers
d. Limited to face-to-face interaction
CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER.
20. Which sampling method does NOT use
randomization?
a. Simple random sampling
b. Stratified sampling
c. Convenience sampling
d. Cluster sampling
II. IDENTIFY WHETHER THE STATEMENT IS TRUE OR
FALSE.
1. Secondary data is collected directly by the
investigator. FALSE
2. Ordinal data can be ranked but does not
indicate precise differences between ranks.
TRUE
3. Stratified sampling ignores sub-populations in
the sampling process. FALSE
4. A retrospective study collects future data.
FALSE
5. Quantitative data is always expressed in
numbers. TRUE
II. IDENTIFY WHETHER THE STATEMENT IS TRUE OR
FALSE.
6. Cluster sampling requires random selection
of clusters and includes all members within
selected clusters. TRUE
7. Observation is considered a method of data
collection. TRUE
8. A designed experiment can establish cause-
and-effect relationships. TRUE
9. Convenience sampling is a type of
probability sampling. FALSE
10.Nominal data is used for ranking items in a
WEEKLY
ASSESSMENT
DEFINE YOUR SURVEY GOAL, SELECT YOUR TARGET
POPULATION, CHOOSE A METHOD FOR COLLECTING
RESPONSES, AND DESIGN CLEAR QUESTIONS. KEEP IT
ORGANIZED AND FOCUSED TO GATHER MEANINGFUL
INSIGHTS.
1. Emma wants to design a survey to assess civil
engineering students’ preferences for hands-on
learning versus traditional lecture-based classes.
• Step 1: Define the survey goal
• Step 2: Identify the target population
• Step 3: Choose the best method to distribute the survey
• Step 4: Create a data collection sheet to categorize
responses by learning style and course type
DEFINE YOUR SURVEY GOAL, SELECT YOUR TARGET
POPULATION, CHOOSE A METHOD FOR COLLECTING
RESPONSES, AND DESIGN CLEAR QUESTIONS. KEEP IT
ORGANIZED AND FOCUSED TO GATHER MEANINGFUL
INSIGHTS.
2. David wants to construct a survey to understand
civil engineering students' knowledge and opinions
on sustainable building materials.
• Step 1: Define the survey goal
• Step 2: Identify the population
• Step 3: Decide on the best distribution method
• Step 4: Design a data sheet to track responses and
categorize by material types and knowledge levels
DEFINE YOUR SURVEY GOAL, SELECT YOUR TARGET
POPULATION, CHOOSE A METHOD FOR COLLECTING
RESPONSES, AND DESIGN CLEAR QUESTIONS. KEEP IT
ORGANIZED AND FOCUSED TO GATHER MEANINGFUL
INSIGHTS.
3. John wants to design a survey to understand civil engineering
students’ career aspirations within the field, specifically focusing
on structural engineering.
• Step 1: Define the survey goal
• Step 2: Identify the target population
• Step 3: Choose a survey distribution method that reaches students in the
specific program
• Step 4: Create a data collection sheet to categorize career goals by
specialization
DEFINE YOUR SURVEY GOAL, SELECT YOUR TARGET
POPULATION, CHOOSE A METHOD FOR COLLECTING
RESPONSES, AND DESIGN CLEAR QUESTIONS. KEEP IT
ORGANIZED AND FOCUSED TO GATHER MEANINGFUL
INSIGHTS.
4. Noah wants to design a survey to evaluate civil engineering
students' satisfaction with their academic workload and stress levels.
• Step 1: Define the survey goal
• Step 2: Identify the population
• Step 3: Choose the best method to administer the survey
• Step 4: Design a data collection sheet that tracks workload satisfaction and
stress levels