CHEMIC
AL
BONDIN
January 14, 2025
LEARNING
POINTS
1 2 3
State the three Write the transfer
Define each type of
types of bonding and sharing through
bonding in terms of
and whether metals Lewis Dot Diagram
electrons.
and/ or non-metals structure.
are involved.
QUICK REVIEW
Who remembers some of the key concepts you learned regarding
atomic structure? For this lecture, you should know the meaning
of the words...
ATOM ATOMIC ELECTRON
NUMBER CLOUD
NUCLEUS ELECTRON ELECTRON
SHELL
ELECTRON
SHELLS
Electron shells are electrons orbit in
different energy levels.
The formula 2n2 is used to calculate
the maximum number of electrons that 1. How many electron shells are
can occupy a given energy level in an pictured in the diagram?
atom. 2. Which element is depicted
2(1)2 = 2
2(2)2 = 8 in the diagram to the right?
2(3)2 = 18
3. How many electrons are in the
2(4)2 = 32
outermost energy shell?
VALENCE SHELL
• Valence electrons are found in the outermost electron shell
of an atom.
• Valence electrons are always in the highest energy level
(outermost shell), as they are the farthest from the nucleus and
are most involved in chemical bonding.
Ge Ne
Ne Mg Be
Lewis Structure
• A Lewis structure (also called a Lewis dot diagram) is a
simplified representation of the valence electrons in an atom,
molecule, or ion. It shows how the valence electrons are
arranged around atoms and how they participate in chemical
bonding.
Se B Cl K Ga Br Si Na
OCTET RULE
• The octet rule is a chemical principle that states that atoms
tend to gain, lose, or share electrons in order to achieve a
stable electron configuration with eight valence electrons,
resembling the electron configuration of a noble gas.
When atoms form bonds with other atoms, it is known as chemical
bonding. Atoms will form chemical bonds with each other in order to
fill their electron shells and gain stability.
WHAT ARE CHEMICAL
BONDS?
Chemical bonds can be generally described as an attraction
between two or more atoms. The electrons in atoms are key to the
atoms ability to bond.
- Ionic bonding- a type of chemical bond
The three types of formed by the transfer of electrons from one
chemical bond: atom to another, resulting in the formation
• Covalent of oppositely charged ions (cation and
• Ionic anion).
Covalent bonding- a chemical bond
• Metallic formed when two atoms share one or more
pairs of electrons to achieve stable electron
configuration.
NON-METALS UNDERGO
COVALENT
Non-metals form strong BONDING
covalent bonds with other non-metal atoms. Whilst
covalent bonds are strong, the resultant simple molecules have low melting and
boiling points, due to weak intermolecular forces between molecules.
Non-metals can be
found in the earlier
N A
M
O L
periods in groups 4 to 7.
ET
N S
-
All of group 0 are non-
metals but they are
inert.
COVALENT
BONDING
A covalent bond is formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons. Usually,
each atom contributes one electron from their outer shell, but some atoms can
react to make multiple covalent bonds.
Sharing the electrons, provides each
F F atom in the covalent bond with the
desirable full outer shell of electrons.
COVALENT
1. Carbon DioxideBONDING
2. Methane
3. Oxygen Molecule
4. Phosphorus Trichloride
5. Chlorine Molecule
METALS & NON-METALS
UNDERGO IONIC BONDING
An ionic bond is the strong attraction between oppositely charged
ions.
Metals and non-
metals react
METALS & NON- together to form
METALS ARE
ionic bonds.
INVOLVED
IONIC BONDING
Metal atoms become positively charged ions by losing electrons. Non-metal
atoms become negatively charged ions by gaining electrons. The oppositely
charged ions are very strongly attracted to each other. This is known as an
electrostatic attraction.
2+ 2-
In this example, the metal magnesium
has transferred two electrons to the
Mg O
non-metal oxygen. Magnesium
becomes a positive ion and oxygen
becomes a negative ion.
IONIC BONDING
1. Sodium Chloride
2. Magnesium Oxide
3. Calcium Chloride
4. Aluminum Oxide
5. Potassium Bromide
COMPARE AND CONTRAST
ASPECT IONIC BONDING COVALENT
BONDING
FORMATIO transfer of sharing of
electrons electrons
N
TYPE OF Metal + Nonmetal Nonmetal +
Nonmetal
ELEMENTS
Strong Strength depends on
BOND electrostatic the number of shared
STRENGTH attraction between electrons
High
ions melting point
PHYSICAL High boiling point
Lower melting
point
PROPERTIES Good conductors Lower boiling
point
ASSIGNMENT
1. Sodium Fluoride INSTRUCTION: Identify what type of
bonding are the given compounds and
2. Calcium Bromide draw the transfer/sharing of electrons
using Lewis dot diagram.
3. Potassium Nitrate
• If ionic bond, indicate which is the cation
4. Aluminum Oxide and anion.
• If covalent, indicate whether it is a polar
5. Calcium Carbonate or nonpolar covalent.
METALS UNDERGO METALLIC
BONDING
Metals are shiny elements which are good conductors of electricity.
They have a giant structure, and their atoms are arranged in a
regular pattern.
Metals can be found
on the left-hand side
(groups 1 and 2) and
METALS in the middle
(transition metals) of
the periodic table.
METALLIC
BONDING
The electrons from the outer shell of metal atoms, become
delocalised. They are free to move. The strong electrostatic
attraction between the positive ions and negative delocalised
electrons, results in strong metallic bonds.
+ + + + Positive metal
ions
+ + + + Delocalised
electrons
