HARDWARE

THE ROLE OF THE CPU

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is one of the
fundamental parts of a computer. It where all the data
and instructions are processed. This means it is a little
bit like your brain, as that is where you process all the
data and instructions that you sense on a daily basis.
Central processing unit (CPU) is a component in a
computer system that processes data and instructions.
 THE ROLE OF THE
CPU(Cont…)
All computers have a form of CPU. In devices such as
personal computers (PC) and laptops, this is normally a
separate component in the computer. In devices such as
those found in our houses, e.g our washing machine, a
similar type of component exists called a microprocessor.
This performs a similar role to a CPU, but on a smaller
scale. Whereas a CPU can process thousands of
complex instructions, microprocessor will process a
much more limited set of instructions.
 THE ROLE OF THE
CPU(Cont…)
A general-purpose computer, such as a PC or laptop, has a
CPU and is able to perform a wide variety of tasks. A
microprocessor is often built into a system that is
designed to perform a very specific task. This type of
system is called an embedded system. There are examples
of embedded systems in many different areas of our lives,
for example, a traffic light, a washing machine and a
digital alarm clock.
 THE ROLE OF THE
CPU(Cont…)
Microprocessor is an integrated circuit that is able to perform
many of the functions of a CPU.
Embedded system is a computer system that performs a
dedicated function.
When an instruction is processed by a computer, the method that
is used to do this is called the fetch-decode-execute cycle.
Fetch-decode-execute cycle is the cycle through which data
and instructions are processed.
 THE ROLE OF THE
CPU(Cont…)
Von Neumann Architecture
Von Neumann architecture was first published by John von Neumann in
1945.
His computer architecture design consists of a Control
Unit, Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), Memory Unit, Registers and
Inputs/Outputs.
Computer architecture deals with the design of computers, data storage
devices, and networking components that store and run programs,
transmit data, and drive interactions between computers, across
networks, and with users.
THE ROLE OF THE
CPU(Cont…)
THE ROLE OF THE
CPU(Cont…)
THE ROLE OF THE
CPU(Cont…)
Fetch: this is the stage
where the instruction is
fetched into CPU
Decode: This is the stage
where the instruction is
decoded within the CPU
Execute: This is the stage
where the instruction is
executed by the CPU
 THE FETCH STAGE
Data and instructions are given to the computer through the
use of input device (device that allows data to be
entered into a computer system). When the data and
instructions are input, they are stored in in RAM (Random
Access Memory). If a user wants to open a file that is stored
on the hard drive, this data will be brought from the hard
drive into the RAM.
In order for the data and instructions to be processed,
they need to be brought from the RAM into the CPU.
This is what happens at the fetch stage of the cycle.
 THE FETCH STAGE(Cont…)
A component within the CPU, called the program counter
(PC), stores an address. The address stored by the PC is
the address of the next instruction that needs to be
processed. The details of this address will be a location
within the RAM.
This address stored in the PC needs to be sent to another
component in the CPU called the Memory Address
Register (MAR) holds the memory location of data
that needs to be accessed. The address is transported
from PC to the MAR using the address bus.
 THE FETCH STAGE(Cont…)
Once the MAR has received the address it now knows where
to find the instruction in the RAM. To retrieve the
instruction the MAR needs to send the address to the
location in RAM. It uses the address bus again to do this.
Once the address is received at the location in RAM, the
data stored in this location, e.g the instruction, is sent to a
component within the CPU called the Memory Data
Register (MDR). This is also an example of a register in
the CPU.
 THE FETCH STAGE(Cont…)
The instruction is sent to the MDR using the data bus.
When the MDR has received the instruction, it sends it
to the Current Instruction Register (CIR). This is
another example of a register in the CPU. The MDR uses
the data bus to send the instruction to the CIR. This
register is part of a component within the CPU called the
Control Unit (CU). It is the CU that is responsible for the
next stage of the cycle, the decode stage.
THE FETCH STAGE(Cont…)
THE FETCH STAGE(Cont…)
 THE FETCH STAGE(Cont…)
• Program Counter(PC) is a component in the CPU that
stores the address of the next instruction to be processed.
Contains the address of the next instruction to be
executed.
• Address is a memory location in RAM
• Memory Address Register (MAR) is a component in the
CPU that holds the address of the data or instruction
to be located in RAM. Holds the memory location of
data that needs to be accessed.
 THE FETCH STAGE(Cont…)
• Address bus: wires used for the transmission of
addresses between components in a computer.
• Memory Data Register (MDR) is a component in the
CPU that holds the data or instruction that are fetched
from RAM. Holds data that is being transferred to or
from memory.
• Data bus: wires used for the transmission of data and
instructions between components in a computer.
 THE FETCH STAGE(Cont…)
• Current Instruction Register (CIR) is a register that is built into the
CU that holds the current instruction that is being processed in the
CPU. Contains the current instruction during processing.
• Control Unit(CU) is the component in the CPU that controls all the
operations in the CPU. The control unit controls the operation of the
computer’s ALU, memory and input/output devices, telling them
how to respond to the program instructions it has just read and
interpreted from the memory unit.
• The control unit also provides the timing and control signals
required by other computer components.
 THE DECODE STAGE
The decode stage of the cycle begins when the
instruction is received by the CU. The CU is the unit in
the CPU that decodes the instruction. The instruction
needs to be decoded so that the CPU can understand
what is required to execute the instruction. To decode
an instruction the CPU uses an instruction set. This is a
set of all the commands that are understood and can
be processed by the CPU. The command are in machine
code. Once the instruction is decoded using the instruction
set, it can be now be executed.
 THE EXECUTE STAGE
The execute stage is when any actions that are
required for the instruction are carried out. This is
likely to involve some mathematical and logical calculations.
If these kinds of calculations are required, the data used in
the process is sent to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). This
is a component within the CPU that is responsible for
any calculations. Interim values may be created whilst
these calculations are being performed, the ALU has a
special register built into it called the Accumulator (ACC)
 THE EXECUTE STAGE
(Cont…)
Accumulator (ACC) is a register that is built into the ALU that stores
the result of any interim calculations. Once any calculations have been
performed, the actions for the instruction can be performed, e.g., the file
can be opened, or the letter typed can be displayed.
How do all the different components know what they are doing in the fetch
– decode – execute cycle? They have a conductor! This conductor is the
C.U. It sends signals to all the components within the CPU to tell
them when they need to perform their different roles. The CU uses
the Control bus to send these signals. The control bus: wires used
for the transmission of control signals between components in a
computer.
 FACTORS THAT CAN AFFECT
THE PERFORMANCE OF A CPU
The performance of a CPU refers to how quickly the CPU
can process an instruction. This is important as the more
instructions that can be processed in a second, the higher
the performance of the CPU.
There are three main factors that can affect the
performance of a CPU, and this is the number of cores it
contains, the clock speed and the size of the cache.
 FACTORS THAT CAN AFFECT
THE PERFORMANCE OF A CPU
A single core in a CPU contains all the components
used to perform the fetch-decode-execute cycle.
Therefore, if a CPU has one core, it can perform one fetch-
decode-execute cycle at a time. If a CPU has two cores
(this is often called a dual core processor) it can
perform two fetch-decode-execute cycles at the same
time, one on each core. Some CPUs have four cores
(this is often called a quad core processor) and can
perform four fetch-decode-execute cycles all at the same
time.
 FACTORS THAT CAN AFFECT
THE PERFORMANCE OF A CPU
If you can only do one thing at a time to complete the task,
it might take you quite a long time but if you could do four
things at once to complete the task, you will complete it
much quicker. Therefore, if a CPU has multiple cores, its
performance can be increased.
Multiple cores also allow a computer to multitask. If it
can process more than one instruction at a time, it
can perform more than one task at a time.
 FACTORS THAT CAN AFFECT
THE PERFORMANCE OF A CPU
A CPU contains an internal clock that controls the speed at which
instructions are processed. The speed is measured in hertz. A
CPU that has a clock speed of 1 hertz is able to process one
instruction per second. If you CPU had a clock speed of 1 hertz,
you’d be waiting rather a long time for any tasks to be completed!
Most modern computers have a clock speed that is measured in
gigahertz (GHz). A CPU with a clock speed of 2GHz can process
2 billion instructions a second. That is definitely a busy CPU! If a
computer has two cores, each core can process 2 billion instruction a
second.
 FACTORS THAT CAN AFFECT
THE PERFORMANCE OF A CPU
A CPU also contains a cache. The cache is a type of
data storage within the CPU. Instructions and data
that the computer uses most can be stored in the
cache. This means that the CPU doesn’t need to fetch this
data from the CPU, just from the cache, so that process will
be quicker. If the CPU can get the data and instructions
quicker, the performance of processing those
instructions will improve. If a computer has a larger
cache, so it has more storage space to store the instructions
and data it uses most, then it can store more of them, so will
need to spend less time going to the RAM.
 INPUT DEVICES
An input device is any device that allows data to be entered
into a computer system. This data could take many forms
including text, images and sound.
Common examples of input devices are:
• Barcode scanner
• Digital camera
• Keyboard
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
• Microphone
• Optical mouse
• QR code scanner
• Scanner (2D and 3D)
• Touch screen (resistive, capacitive and infra-red)
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
BARCODE SCANNER
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
Barcode scanner
• A barcode is a machine-readable code represented by an image consisting
of black and white lines. The lines in a barcode relate to numbers 0 to 9.
• Black and white surfaces reflect light differently, with black bars reflecting
less light than white bars.
• Sensors are used to capture the amount of light reflected and the different
reflections are converted to binary values.
• A barcode identifies an item, it does not store any further information
relating to it, this is achieved by looking up the value in a database.
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
A barcode is a series of dark and light parallel lines of varying thickness. A
barcode is basically found on many products such as books, oil, supermarket
products, industries products,…
The barcode has two parts. The left- hand and the right-hand sides are separated
using guard bars.
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
APPLICATIONS FOR BARCODES
• Tracking/identifying items in warehouses and factories
• Retail checkouts, e.g. to find product prices and
descriptions; automatic stock control management from a
database
• Airports, e.g. tracking luggage
• Library systems, e.g. tracking books and borrowers
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
In order to design barcodes, we will be using the following pattern
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
Meaning that each number is represented by 7 lines.
What if we want to design a barcode for 5 4 3 0 5 2 ? we would therefore
represent it as follow

Notice that the digits on the left have an odd number of dark elements and
always begin with a light bar; the digits on the right have an even number of dark
elements and always begin with a dark bar.
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
Now what happens when a barcode is being scanned
 The barcode is first read by a red laser or red LED (Light Emitting Diode).
 Light is reflected of the barcode; the dark areas reflect (return) little or no
light which allows the bars to be read.
 The reflected light is read by sensors.
 As the laser or LED light is scanned across the barcode, a pattern is
generated which is converted into digital data (Zeroes and 1s). this allows
the computer to understand the barcode.
For example, the digit 3 on the left generates the pattern LDDDDLD where L is
Light, and D is dark. This has the equivalent in binary of 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 where
L=0 and D=1.
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
After the barcode has been read, the barcode
number is looked up or searched in the stock
database to see if the number exists. Each
number is unique because each number uniquely
identifies each stock item. When the barcode
number is found, the item related to the
number is looked up with the price and other
details are sent back to the checkout (to the
person managing payments).
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
Advantages of using barcodes to the Advantages of using barcodes to the
management: customers include:
•Much easier and faster to change •Faster checkout queues. We serve
prices on stock items many people in less time. The staff
•Automatic stock control does not need to look up the price of
• No need to price or to indicate the item
price on each item. This reduces •Errors in charging customers are
time and cost to the management. reduced
• Better track of sell by dates so food
should be fresher.
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
Digital Camera
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
What is a digital camera?
Digital cameras are input devices that capture images (and sometimes
video) digitally.
Digital cameras use an image sensor chip to capture the image, rather than
the film used by a traditional camera.
The images recorded on a digital camera are stored on memory
cards, although some may have a limited amount of external memory of its
own.
Digital cameras feature an LCD screen which allow you to preview and
review your images, plus change menu settings.
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
These cameras are controlled by a microprocessor which
can automatically carry out the following tasks:
• Adjust the shutter speed
• Focus the image automatically
• Operate the flash automatically
• Adjust the aperture size
• Adjust the size of the image
• Remove ‘red eye’ when the flash has been used
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
The photograph is captured when light passes through the lens onto a light
sensitive cell. This cell is made up of tiny elements known as pixels. The
number of pixels determines the size of the file used to store the
photograph
The quality of the photograph also depends on many other factors, such as:
• The type of lens used
• The lighting
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
Benefits of digital cameras
• Images can be reviewed immediately via the screen
• Images can be copied or edited easily on a computer
• Images can be automatically added to sharing sites
Drawbacks of digital cameras
• A good camera is needed to match the quality of traditional film
• Large capacity memory cards are needed if shooting lots of photos
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
KEYBOARD
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
What is a keyboard?
• Keyboards are input devices that allow the entry of data and commands by
simply pressing down keys on the keyboard.
• Keyboards are a common place input device, often used alongside a mouse.
They can be wired or wireless.
• They are used as the input device on computers, tablets, mobile phones and
many other electronic items.
• In the case of tablets and mobile phones, the keyboard is often VIRTUAL or
a type of TOUCHSCREEN technology.
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
Each character on a keyboard has an ASCII value. Each
character pressed is converted into a digital signal, which the
computer interprets. Keyboards are a relatively slow method of
data entry and are also prone to errors. But they are probably
still the easiest way to enter text into a computer. However,
frequent use of these devices can lead to injuries, such as
REPETITIVE STRAIN INJURY (RSI) in the hands and wrists.
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
How the keys pressed on keyboard are processed by the computer?
• Circuit board present at base of keys
• A key is pressed that presses a switch
• When a key is pressed it completes a circuit or changes the
current in a circuit
• The location of the keypress is calculated
• An index of characters is searched to find the corresponding
keypress
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
• Each character has an ASCII/Unicode value
• The ASCII/Unicode value has a binary value
• Keypress generates interrupt
• Each character/ keypress is added to a buffer to wait to be
processed
• The binary can then be processed by the CPU to action
the keypress
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
MICROPHONE
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
What is a microphone?
• Microphones are input devices that take analogue sound waves and
converts them into electrical signals, suitable for a computer to
understand.
• Microphones play an important role in speech recognition, a technology
that is gaining in popularity and usage.
• Microphones are either built into the computer or are external
devices connected through the USB port or using wireless
connectivity.
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
When a microphone picks up sound, a diaphragm vibrates producing an
electric signal. This signal goes to a sound card and is converted into digital
values and stored in the computer.
If the microphone is being used in a voice recognition system, the user’s
voice is detected and then converted into digital. A few words spoken
produce a digital wave pattern. Software compares this wave pattern to
wave patterns stored in memory to see if they match. If they match, then the
person has been correctly identified. Only certain words can be used since
the system is designed to recognize only a few key phrases (e.g. a user may
be asked to say their name). This technology can be used in security
systems.
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
Both voice recognition and speech recognition can be used
in various other applications. For example, voice recognition
is used in cars to allow the driver to say commands: ‘make
warmer’, ‘switch on GPS’ or ‘open window’. Key words have
to be used so that the software can compare voice patterns
with the limited dictionary of words already stored.
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
• Benefits of microphones
• Allows disabled users to give instructions to a computer
• Enables the use speech recognition software
• Allows voice calls and the audio in video calls (VoIP)
• Drawbacks of microphones
• Speech recognition accuracy can sometimes be hit and
miss
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
OPTICAL MOUSE
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
What is a mouse?
• A mouse is an input device that allows you to control the coordinates
and movement of the onscreen cursor/pointer by simply moving the
mouse across a flat surface with your hand.
• Items can be selected or moved using the left mouse button, whilst
the right button usually displays additional menus.
• Most mice are now optical which means they use a laser to detect and
track movement across the surface.
• Mice can be wired or wireless.
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
The more modern type that use red LEDs to detect movement in the x-y
direction; are a type of optical mouse.
An optical mouse is a computer mouse which uses a light source, typically a
light-emitting diode, and a light detector, such as an array of photodiodes,
to detect movement relative to a surface.
An optical mouse is an advanced computer pointing device that uses a
light-emitting diode ( LED ), an optical sensor, and digital signal processing
( DSP ) in place of the traditional mouse ball and electromechanical
transducer. Movement is detected by sensing changes in reflected light,
rather than by interpreting the motion of a rolling sphere.
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
How does an optical mouse work?
An optical mouse also has a tiny low-resolution camera that
takes a thousand or more pictures every second. In the
camera, the CMOS (complementary metal-oxide
semiconductor) sensor sends a signal to a DSP (digital
signal processor). The DSP can then analyze each picture
for pattern and light changes, and then moves the mouse
cursor on your screen.
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
Benefits of a mouse
• Simple and easy to use
• Efficient way to navigate
Drawbacks of a mouse
• Requires a flat surface
• Requires space to operate
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
Quick Response(QR) Code scanner
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
What is a QR code?
• A QR code is a computer-generated pattern capable of holding a
modest amount of data. This is made up of a matrix of filled-in
dark squares on a light background.
• This data is accessed when the QR code is read by a QR scanner.
• QR codes often store simple data such as a URL address, contact
information, calendar entries and product details (in factories and
warehouses etc).
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
Benefits of QR codes
• Data is stored within the pattern, so no need for a connected database
• Simple and quick way to store and retrieve information
• Can store a variety of information
Drawbacks of QR codes
• Changing the data alters the pattern, so not suitable for information
that changes regularly, e.g. prices.
• People need a device (and software) that can read the QR code
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
SCANNER (2D)
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
What is a 2D scanner?
• 2D scanners perform the task of turning a 2D document or image into a
digital file.
• Converting a hard copy of a document into an electronic / digital form for
storage, sending or editing
• They come in two varieties, flatbed or handheld. Some printers have inbuilt
flatbed scanners.
• The functionality of 2D scanners is enhanced when combined with OMR and
OCR(Optical Character Recognition) software. For example, OCR software
can convert scanned in text into a computer readable form.
INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
Benefits of 2D scanners
• Can produce high quality digital copies of a document
• Digital copies of documents can be sent electronically,
stored securely, or edited on the computer
Drawbacks of 2D scanners
• Scanned documents use a lot of computer storage space
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
SCANNER (3D)
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
What is a 3D scanner?
• A 3D scanner is an input device that creates a 3D model of
the object scanned.
• Scanning can be achieved either by using lasers, light,
radio waves or x-rays.
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
TOUCH SCREEN (RESISTIVE, CAPACITIVE and INFRA-RED)
What is a touchscreen?
• A touchscreen is an electronic visual display that also incorporates an input
device that responds to touch. This allows users to select options from a
screen by simply touching them.
Typical applications for touchscreens
• Smartphones and tablet computers, e.g. easy input of data and selection of
apps/icons
• Ticket / Information kiosks, e.g. allows limited options that can be selected
easily
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
Touchscreens are now a very common form of input device. They allow simple touch
to launch an application or to carry out many of the functions of pointing devices
such as a mouse.
Benefits of touchscreens
• Save space as both input and output are combined
• Simple and easy to use
• Works well with icons, allowing options to be selected easily
Drawbacks of touchscreens
• Difficult to complete tasks that require precision accuracy
• Difficult to use if damaged
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
At present, there are three major types of touchscreen
technologies applied to mobile phone screens:
• Capacitive
• Infra-red
• Resistive.
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
Resistive touchscreens
• Resistive touchscreens use multiple layers of material that
transmit electrical currents.
• When the top layer of the screen is pushed/touched into the
bottom layer the electrical current changes.
• This allows the location of the touch to be found. Signals are then
sent out which are interpreted by microprocessor, the calculations
determine the coordinates of where the screen was touched.
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
A resistive touch screen monitor is composed of a glass
panel and a film screen, each covered with a thin metallic
layer, separated by a narrow gap. When a user touches the
screen, the two metallic layers make contact, resulting in
electrical flow. The point of contact is detected by this
change in voltage.
INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
Advantages:
• Can activate with virtually any object (finger, stylus, gloved hand, pen, etc.)
• Has tactile feel
• Lowest cost touch technology
• Low power consumption
• Resistant to surface contaminants and liquids (dust, oil, grease, moisture)
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
Disadvantages:
• Lower image clarity compared to other touch technologies
• Outer polyester film is vulnerable to damage from scratching, poking
and sharp object
• Does not allow multi-touch
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
Capacitive touchscreens
• This is made up of many layers of glass that act like a capacitor,
creating electric field between the glass plates in layers.
• Electrical current is sent from the four corners of the screen.
• When your finger (or stylus) touches the screen, the current
changes and the coordinates where the screen was touched is
determined by an on-board microprocessor.
• This allows the location of the touch to be calculated.
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
• This touch screen has multi-touch capabilities
• This touch screen cannot be used whilst wearing gloves
• This touch screen uses the electrical properties of human
body
• This touch screen has a quicker response time
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
Capacitive touchscreens
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
Surface Capacitive Touch Screen
Surface Capacitive touch screen is the second most popular type of touch screens on
the market. In a surface capacitive touch screen monitor, a transparent electrode
layer is placed on top of a glass panel. This is then covered by a protective cover.
When an exposed finger touches the monitor screen, it reacts to the static electrical
capacity of the human body. Some of the electrical charge transfers from the screen
to the user. This decrease in capacitance is detected by sensors located at the four
corners of the screen, allowing the controller to determine the touch point. Surface
capacitive touch screens can only be activated by the touch of human skin or a stylus
holding an electrical charge.
INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
Advantages:
• Better image clarity than Resistive Touch
• Durable screen
• Excellent resistance to surface contaminants and liquids (dust, oil, grease, water droplets)
• High scratch resistance
Disadvantages:
• Requires bare finger or capacitive stylus for activation
• Sensitivity to EMI/RFI (Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and Radio Frequency
Interference (RFI))
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
Projected Capacitive (P-Cap) is similar to Surface Capacitive, but it offers
two primary advantages. First, in addition to a bare finger, it can also be
activated with surgical gloves or thin cotton gloves. Secondly, P-Cap
enables multi-touch activation (simultaneous input from two or more
fingers). A projected capacitive touch screen is composed of a sheet of
glass with embedded transparent electrode films and an IC chip. This
creates a three-dimensional electrostatic field. When a finger comes into
contact with the screen, the ratios of the electrical currents change, and
the computer is able to detect the touch points.
INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
Advantages:
• Excellent image clarity
• More resistant to scratching than resistive
• Resistant to surface contaminants and liquids (dust, oil, grease, moisture)
• Multi-touch (two or more touch points)
Disadvantages:
• Sensitive to EMI/RFI
• Must be activated via exposed finger, or thin surgical or cotton gloves
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
Infra-red touchscreens
• Infra-red touchscreens use a pattern of LED(Light Emitting
Diode) infra-red beams to form an ‘invisible’ grid on the
screen.
• Sensors detect where the screen has been touched by
detecting a break in the infra-red beams.
• The position of touch is then calculated.
 INPUT DEVICES(Cont…)
Infra-red touchscreens
 OUTPUT DEVICES
An output device is any device that allows the result of the data
processing to be seen or heard. The objective of output devices is
to turn computer information into human friendly/ readable form.
Common examples of output devices are:
• Actuator
• Digital light processing (DLP) projector
• Inkjet printer
• Laser printer
 OUTPUT DEVICES (Cont…)
• Light Emitting Diode (LED) screen
• Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) projector
• Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) screen
• Speaker
• 3D Printer