Fundamentals and Applications of Civil Engineering
B24ED0102
AY 2024-25
Construction materials
• Concrete
• Cement
• Aggregates
• Water
• Bricks
• Steel
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CEMENT
•Cement:
•Cement is invented by joseph aspdin (1824)
•Cement it is the binding material which consists of calcareous,
siliceous, argillaceous and other substances.
•Cement is used as a binding material in mortar, concrete, etc.
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TYPES OF CEMENT:
1. Ordinary Portland Cement
2. Rapid Hardening Cement (or) High Early Strength cement
3. Extra Rapid Hardening Cement
4. Sulphate Resisting Cement
5. Quick Setting Cement
6. Low Heat Cement
7. Portland Pozzolana Cement
8. Portland Slag Cement
9. High Alumina Cement
10. Air Entraining Cement
11. Supersulphated Cement
12. Masonry Cement
13. Expansive Cement
14. Colored Cement
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AGGREGATES
• Aggregates are inert materials which are mixed with binding material
such as cement or lime for manufacturing of mortar or concrete.
Aggregates are used as filler in mortar and concrete and also to
reduce their cost.
Depending upon the size of their particles aggregates are classified as:
1. Fine aggregates
2. Coarse aggregates
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AGGREGATES
• Fine Aggregates whose particles pass through 4.75 mm IS sieve are
termed as fine aggregates. Most commonly used fine aggregates are
• (a). River sand and crushed stone in powdered form.
(b). Coarse Aggregates:Aggregates whose particles do not pass
through 4.75 mm IS are termed as coarse aggregates. Most commonly
used coarse aggregates are crushed stone, gravel; broken pieces of
burnt bricks,etc.
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Sieve analysis
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WATER
• Water used in construction, especially for mixing concrete, mortar,
and curing, must be
• Free from impurities
• Drinkable quality: Water that is safe for drinking is generally
considered suitable for construction.
• pH Range:
• Ideal: Between 6.0 and 8.0.
• Acceptable: Slight deviations are allowed, but water with a pH below
6.0 (acidic) or above 8.5 (alkaline) is generally not recommended.
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Bricks
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bricks
Made of burnt clay.
Clay bricks are commonly used.
Standard size 19 x 9 x 9cm (without mortar).
Modular size 20 x 10 x 10cm (with mortar).
FROG: An indent of 1-2 cm deep formed on the top.
Purpose of providing frog is to form a key for holding the mortar.
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Mortar
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Concrete
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Sand
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Steel
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Classification of bricks
• FIRST CLASS BRICKS:
• Thoroughly burnt with deep red, cherry or copper colour.
• Surface should be smooth and rectangular, with parallel, sharp and straight edges and square
corners.
• Should be free from flaws, cracks and stones and should be uniform texture.
• No impression should be on the bricks when a scratch is made by a finger nail.
• Water absorption should be 12-15% of its dry wt. when immersed in cold water for 24 hours.
• A metallic or ringing sound should come when two bricks are struck against each other.
• Crushing strength of brick should not be less than 10.5 N/.
• uses: exposed face work in masonary structures.
• SECOND CLASS BRICKS: Same requirement as the first class are except that
• Small cracks and distortion are permitted and water absorption of about 16-20% is allowed.
• Crushing strength should not be less than 7 N/.
• Uses: All important and unimportant masonary works. 16
Compression testing
Compressive testing machine Compressive testing of stone sample
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THIRD CLASS BRICKS:
• under burnt, soft and light coloured producing dull sound.
• Water absorption is about 25% of dry wt.
• Use: for building temporary structures.
FOURTH CLASS BRICKS:
• Over burnt and badly distorted in shape and size and are brittle in
nature.
• Uses: ballast of such bricks is used for foundation.
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Thank
You
