CHAPTER III
RESEARCH
METHODOLOG
Y
1 Research Design
2 Research Sampling Method
3 Research Instruments
4 Data Gathering Procedures
5 The respondents
6 Statistical Treatment
WRITING THE
INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH
• Begin writing the chapter with a
brief explanation of what the
chapter is all about.
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INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH
This chapter discusses the research
methodology, sampling method, research
instruments, data-gathering procedure,
the respondents, and statistical
treatment that will be used for accurate
data analysis and interpretation.
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RESEARCH
DESIGN
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What is Research Design?
• refers to the overall strategy that the
researcher chooses to integrate the different
components of the study in a coherent.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
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EXPERIMENTAL NON-
EXPERIMENTAL
•True Experimental •Descriptive
•Quasi- Experimental •Correlational
•Comparative
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DESCRIPTIVE
• Describes characteristics of a
population or phenomenon without
influencing it.
Example: A survey study that aims to
describe the average age, income
level, and education of a city's
population.
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CORRELATIONAL
• Examines the relationship
between two or more variables
without manipulating them.
Example: A study exploring the
correlation between the number of
hours students' study and their exam
scores.
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COMPARATIVE
• Compares two or more groups to
identify differences or
similarities.
Example: Comparing the performance
of private and public school students
on standardized tests.
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RESEARCH
SAMPLING
METHOD
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NON-
PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
•Random •Convenience
•Stratified •Purposive
•Cluster •Snowball
•Quota
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PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Is also known as probability
sampling, is a sampling method
RANDOM
where each individual in a
SAMPLING population has an equal chance
of being selected for the study.
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PROBABILITY SAMPLING
It is a type of probability sampling
where the population is divided
STRATIFIE into subgroups or strata based
on certain shared
D characteristics (e.g., age,
SAMPLING gender, income level), and then
individuals are randomly selected
from each stratum.
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PROBABILITY SAMPLING
It is a method where the
population is divided into
CLUSTER
clusters or groups, and then a
SAMPLING whole cluster (or clusters) is
randomly selected for the study.
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NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
• It is a non-probability sampling
method where the researcher
selects participants who are
easily accessible and
CONVENIENCE
available to participate. It’s
SAMPLING one of the simplest sampling
methods because participants
are chosen based on
convenience.
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NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
• It is a method where the researcher
intentionally selects people to
PURPOSIVE participate in your research because
SAMPLING they have specific qualities or
experiences that are important to
your study.
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NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
• In snowball sampling, initial
participants are selected. Then
these participants help identify or
SNOWBALL
recruit further participants,
SAMPLING expanding the sample over time like a
"snowball" gathering more snow as it
rolls.
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NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
• In this method, researchers divide the
population into different strata (or
groups) based on certain
characteristics such as age, gender,
QUOTA
education level, etc. Then, researchers
SAMPLING set quotas (fixed numbers) for each
group to ensure their proportion in the
sample matches their proportion in the
population.
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RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT
S
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QUESTIONNAIRES/SURVEYS
• Consist of closed-ended questions to
collect data on opinions, behaviors, or
demographics.
Example: (Multiple-choice, Likert Scale)
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STRUCTURED OBSERVATION
CHECKLISTS
• Researchers use predefined criteria to
systematically observe and record behaviors
or events.
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DATA
GATHERING
PROCEDURE
S
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• Data gathering procedures in
quantitative research are systematic
steps that ensure reliable,
objective, and statistically
analyzable data collection. The
process measures variables numerically
and involves several stages, from
planning to actual data collection.
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THE
RESPONDENTS
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• Respondents refer to the individuals,
participants, or subjects from whom
data is collected in a study or survey.
Their responses represent the sample,
which provides the numerical data
needed to make inferences about the
larger population.
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STATISTICAL
TREATMENT
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• Explain all relevant formulas for
the analysis and interpretation of
data
• Based on the SOP and research
objectives.
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FREQUENCY AND
PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION
• Used to determine the percentage
usually for data on profile (e.g. level,
age, gender, etc.)
𝒇 Where: % = Percent
%= ×𝟏𝟎𝟎 F = Frequency
𝑵
Formula: N = Number of
cases
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MEAN
• Used to get average or central value
(e.g. level, age, gender, etc.)
𝜮 𝒙 Where: x = Mean
𝒙=
Formula: 𝑵 um of all scores
N = Number of cases
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WEIGHTED MEAN
• type of mean calculated by multiplying the
weight (or probability) associated with a
particular event or outcome with its
associated quantitative outcome and then
summing all the products together.
Where: = summation
w = the weights
Formula: Σwx / Σw x = the value
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