Presented by
• Shruti chandat
INTRODUCTION
Malariais a Common tropical disease caused
by protozooa,Plasmodium through the bite of
female Anopheles mosquito.
CAUSE
Malaria is caused by the plasmodium parasite. The parasite can be
spread to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes. There are
many different types of plasmodium parasite, but only four types cause
malaria in humans.
They are:
●1. Plasmodium falciparum (the most common type of malaria parasite
and is responsible for most malaria deaths worldwide)
●2. Plasmodium vivax
●3. Plasmodium ovale
●4. Plasmodium malariae
Other type
●5. Plasmodium knowlesi
TYPES
There are four types of Malaria parasite:
1. Plasmodium vivax(TERTAIN MALARIA)
•Fever recurs after 48 hours or 3rd day
2. Plasmodium falciparum(TERTAIN
MALARIA)
•Fever recurs after 48 hours or 3rd day
3. Plasmodium malariae(QUARTAN
MALARIA)
•Fever recurs after 72 hours or 4th day
4. Plasmodium ovale(TERTAIN MALARIA)
Falciparum is the most serious parasite of the
four.Most malaria infections and deaths are due to
falciparum.
Oval and Vivax may remain dormant and relapse
months after the exposure if proper treatment is not
provided.
Not all anti-malaria medications protect against all
four types of malaria.
Malaria has built up resistances to some medications
in different parts of the world.
LIFE CYCLE
Themalaria parasite life cycle involves two
hosts
During a blood meal, a malaria-infected
●female Anopheles mosquito injects
sporozoites into ●the human host,
following which sporozoites infect liver
cells and mature into schizonts to release
merozoites.
LIFE CYCLE
Malaria infection begins when an infected
female Anopheles mosquito bites a person,
injecting Plasmodium parasites, in the form of sporozoites, into
the bloodstream.
The sporozoites pass quickly into the human liver.
The sporozoites multiply asexually in the liver cells over
the next 7 to 10 days, causing no symptoms.
In an animal model, the parasites, in the form of merozoites, are
released from the liver cells in vesicles, journey through the
heart, and arrive in the lungs, where they settle within lung
capillaries. The vesicles eventually disintegrate, freeing the
merozoites to enter the blood phase of their development.*
In the bloodstream, the merozoites invade red blood cells (
erythrocytes) and multiply again until the cells burst. Then they
invade more erythrocytes. This cycle is repeated, causing fever
each time parasites break free and invade blood cells.
Some of the infected blood cells leave the cycle of asexual
multiplication. Instead of replicating, the merozoites in these
cells develop into sexual forms of the parasite, called
gametocytes, that circulate in the blood stream.
When a mosquito bites an infected human, it ingests the
gametocytes, which develop further into mature sex cells called
gametes.
The fertilized female gametes develop into actively moving
ookinetes that burrow through the mosquito's midgut wall and
form oocysts on the exterior surface.
Inside the oocyst, thousands of active sporozoites develop. The
oocyst eventually bursts, releasing sporozoites into the body
cavity that travel to the mosquito's salivary glands.
The cycle of human infection begins again when the mosquito
bites another person.
STAGES
• Febrile paroxysms: Show three successive stages:
1. The cold stage-lasts for 15-60 minutes, characterized by
intense cold and uncontrollable shivering.
2. The hot stage-lasts for 2-6 hours, characterized by high
grade fever, severe headache nausea, vomiting and abdominal
discomfort.
3. The sweating stage-lasts for 2-3 hours, characterized
profuse sweating.
SYMPTOMS
Signs of malaria are similar to flu
symptoms.
They include:
• Fever and sweating.
• Chills that shake the whole body.
• Headache and muscle aches.
• Fatigue.
• Chest pain, breathing problems &cough.
•Diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.
•coma (if severe)
Diagnosis & lab test
All clinically suspected malaria cases require laboratory
examination and confirmation.
●History Collection
●Physical Examination
●M.P.(Malaria Parasite) Test
●The Peripheral Smear
●Bone Marrow Smear
●CBC,TC,DC
