ADENOVIRUSES
ADENOVIRUSES
• Named as adenovirus because they were first isolated
from the adenoids
• Adenoviruses are a group of medium-sized, non-
enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses having
common complement fixing antigens
• Adenovirus infections are seen worldwide, commonly
in children
• Adenovirus causes infections of the respiratory tract
and eyes, less often intestine and urinary tract
MORPHOLOGY OF ADENOVIRUS
Morphology of adenovirus
Appear as Space Vehicle
MORPHOLOGY OF ADENOVIRUS
• Adenovirus is a medium-sized (70–75 µm) virion,
resembling a space vehicle or satellite
• Capsid is composed of 252 capsomers arranged as an
icosahedron with 20 triangular facets and 12 vertices
• Hexons – 240 capsomers having six neighbours
• Pentons – 12 capsomers at the vertices having five
neighbours
• Each penton base anchored to capsid has rod-like
projections or fibres ending in a knob
4.
1. MatureC
Protomers apsid
2. 3.
Capsomers Pro-
Capsid
CLASSIFICATION OF
ADENOVIRUSES
• Family: Adenoviridae
• Two genera
– mastadenovirus – infects mammals
– aviadenovirus – infects birds
• In humans, 50 serotypes have been isolated and
divided into groups A to F, based on properties like
hemagglutinin, fibre length, DNA fragment analysis
and oncogenic potential
PATHOGENICITY OF ADENOVIRUS
• Causes infections of the respiratory tract, eye, bladder
and intestine
• More than one type can produce the same type of
disease manifestation
• One type can produce different disease manifestations
Adenovirus pathogenesis
PATHOGENICITY OF ADENOVIRUS
Common syndromes associated with adenovirus
infection
•Summary
Virus attachesoto
f cell surface
r e p lvia
i citsa fiber.
tive cycle:
• The virus enters the cell and uncoats.
• Viral DNA moves to the nucleus.
• Host cell DNA-dependent RNA polymerase transcribes
early genes, splicing of introns producing a functional
mRNA.
• Early mRNAs is translated into non-structural proteins
in the cytoplasm.
• After DNA replication in nucleus, late mRNA is
transcribed and translated into structural virion
proteins.
• Viral assembly occurs in nucleus, and virion
released
• by lysis of cell
Transmission:
1)Aerosol droplets.
2)Fecal-oral route.
3)Direct inoculation of conjunctivas by
tonometer or fingers.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF
ADENOVIRUSES
• Pharyngitis and tonsillitis – adenoviruses are the
main cause of non-bacterial pharyngitis and tonsillitis
• Pneumonia – in adults, type 3–7, in infants type 7
may be very severe and fatal
• Acute respiratory disease – occurs as outbreaks in
military recruits; serotypes 4,7 and 21
• Pharyngo-conjunctival fever – febrile pharyngitis
and conjunctivitis in the community, types 3,7 and 14
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF
ADENOVIRUSES
• Epidemic kerato conjunctivitis – type 8, less often
19 and 37
• Acute follicular conjunctivitis – types 3, 4 and 11
• Non-purulent conjunctivitis with enlargement of
submucous lymphoid follicles and pre-auricular
lymph nodes similar to chlamydial conjunctivitis
Eye infections
• Acute follicular conjunctivitis –serotypes 3,4,11
• Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis –serotypes 8,9,37
Clinical Manifestation
Conjunctival membranes in
Subepithelial corneal infiltrates in a patient with EKC
a patient with EKC
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF
ADENOVIRUSES
• Diarrhea – types 40 and 41, enteric type adenovirus,
identified by ELISA
• Acute hemorrhagic cystitis: types 11 and 21 in
children
• Generalised exanthem in children
• Mesenteric adenitis and intussusception in children
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
• SAMPLES should be collected from affected sites early
in the illness
• Duration of virus excretion varies among
different illnesses
Throat of adults with common cold: 1 – 3 days
Throat, stool, and eye for Pharyngocongunctival
fever: 3 – 5 days
Eye for keratoconjunctivitis: 2 weeks
Throat and stool of children with respiratory
illnesses: 3 – 6 weeks
Urine, throat and stool of immunocompromised
patients: 2 – 12 months
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF
ADENOVIRUS
• Tissue culture – virus isolated from throat, eye, urine
or feces, identified by
– typical cytopathic effects (CPE)
– complement fixation test
– subgrouping by hemagglutination with rat or
monkey RBCs
– typing by neutralisation tests
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF
ADENOVIRUS
• Sero diagnosis – demonstration of rise in antibody
titres in paired sera
• Electron microscope – for fecal strains
• Immunofluorescence – viral antigen detected in
nasopharyngeal and ocular infection
• PCR for viral DNA
Adenovirus in
Immunocompromised
• Patients with
compromised immune
systems are especially
susceptible to severe
complications of
adenovirus infection.
Acute respiratory disease
(ARD), first recognized
among military recruits
during World War II, can
be caused by adenovirus
infections during
conditions of crowding
and stress.
Immunity in Children
Most children have
been infected by at
least one adenovirus
by the time they reach
school age. Most
adults have acquired
immunity to multiple
adenovirus types due
to infections they had
as children.
ADENOVIRUS
• Only in closed communities and military recruits,
killed and live vaccines are used
• Gene therapy – adenovirus has a spare capacity to
carry DNA inserts of up to 7 kb –may be a potential
vector for gene therapy
• Adenovirus has the capacity to transform cells in
culture and induce tumours
Infection control measures
• Wash your hands often with soap and water
• Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth with
unwashed hands
• Avoid close contact with people who are sick
• Stay home when you are sick
• Cover your mouth and nose when coughing or
sneezing
• Adequate chlorination of water
No
vaccination
for general
use
ADENO ASSOCIATED VIRUSES
(ADENO SATELLITE VIRUS)
• Electron microscopy of adenovirus preparations revealed
small icosahedral viral particles 20–25 nm in diameter,
unable to replicate independently – defective viruses
• Dependent on helper viruses, multiplies only in cells
simultaneously infected with adenovirus
• Classified as dependovirus under family Parvoviridae,
detected by electron microscopy, complementation
fixation test and immunofluorescence
