Amir Timur: the legacy of

Mogholistan.

Darina Burdyaeva
Atai Nurmatov
 Amir Timur: the legacy of
Mogholistan.

Darina Burdyaeva
Atai Nurmatov
 Mogholistan (1347 — 1570)
Formed in the mid-14th century after
the collapse of the Chagatai Khanate,
Mogholistan was named after
the Mogols—Turkicized Mongol tribes
in Central Asia. It stretched from Syr
Darya and from Balkhash Lake to
Eastern Turkestan.
The Duglat tribe played a key role in
politics, with Puladchi as its most
influential leader. However, since he
was not a Chinggisid, he could not
claim the throne. Instead, in 1348, he
helped 18-year-old Togluk-Temir, a
Chinggisid, gain formal power.
 Mogholistan (1347 — 1570)
Formed in the mid-14th century after
the collapse of the Chagatai Khanate,
Mogholistan was named after
the Mogols—Turkicized Mongol tribes
in Central Asia. It stretched from Syr
Darya and from Balkhash Lake to
Eastern Turkestan.
The Duglat tribe played a key role in
politics, with Puladchi as its most
influential leader. However, since he
was not a Chinggisid, he could not
claim the throne. Instead, in 1348, he
helped 18-year-old Togluk-Temir, a
Chinggisid, gain formal power.
 Mogholistan (1347 — 1570)
• Togluk-Timur embraced Islam and spread
it by force, strengthening his claim
over Central Asia. In 1360–1361,
the Moghols invaded Transoxiana and
seized Samarkand without resistance.

• After Togluk-Timur’s death in 1364, his

son Ilyas-Khoja continued his policies
and sought to control Transoxiana but
faced resistance. In 1365, the "Battle in
the Mud" near Tashkent resulted in
heavy losses for both sides. • After their withdrawal, Amir Timur returned
The Moghols briefly to Samarkand and seized power.
besieged Samarkand but failed to hold
it.
 Amir Timur
Born in 1336 near Shahrisabz, Amir Timur came from
the Barlas tribe, a Mongol clan assimilated with the
Turks. Known for his bravery and military skill, he
initially served the Moghols.
In 1361, he allied with Emir Hussein, but in 1370,
he defeated and executed him, becoming the sole
ruler. Timur made Samarkand the political, military,
and cultural center of his empire.
• One of Timur’s titles was Gurkhan (from kyrgyz Korogon – "son-in-law"). This
title was linked to his marriage to the widow of Emir Hussein, who was a
descendant of Genghis Khan. This marriage allowed Timur to become a
member of the Chinggisid dynasty and rule in their name. Also, during one of
his campaigns, Timur was wounded in the leg and became lame. Because of
this, he was called Timur-Leng – "Lame Timur" (in European
pronunciation, Tamerlane).
• In 1371, Timur launched his first campaign against Mogholistan, reaching Issyk-
Kul.
• In 1375, he invaded through Sayram and Talas, but once again found only
abandoned settlements.
• The divided Moghol leaders, Qamar al-Din and Qazi-Bek, attempted to unite against
him.
• In 1380, the Moghols formed a coalition against Timur, which included:
• Tokhtamysh (Khan of the Golden Horde)
• Qamar al-Din (Ruler of Mogholistan)
• The rulers of the Tien Shan uluses
• In 1389, Timur launched another devastating campaign.
• In 1390, he sent two armies:
• One passed through Tashkent – Talas – Chu.
• The other through Andijan – Yassy – Arpa.
• The remaining Moghol forces fled to the mountains or beyond the Irtysh
River.
He died
• After oncampaign,
this FebruaryMogholistan
18, 1405, in effectively
the city of Otrar
ceased(near the modern
to exist city state.
as a powerful
of Turkestan) while on his way to China. He was buried in his famous
mausoleum in Samarkand.
After Timur’s death, his son
Shahrukh inherited Transoxania,
Khwarezm, Fergana, Khorasan,
and Iran. While Timur had made
Samarkand the capital of his
empire, Shahrukh moved it to
Herat, which became the
political center of the state,
except for a short period under
Ulugh Beg. Unlike his father,
Shahrukh ruled directly, without
using puppet khans, and took
• Timurid Empire at Timur's death in 1405
the title of sultan.
While Shahrukh governed from Herat, his son, Ulugh Beg, ruled Transoxania. Born in Iran, Ulugh Beg
received a classical Muslim education and was fluent in Arabic and Persian. At just 10 years old, Timur
granted him soyurghal(land holdings) in the northeastern part of the empire, including Tashkent and
Mogholistan. However, Ulugh Beg was more passionate about science, mathematics, and astronomy than
politics. He established three madrasas (schools) in Bukhara, Gijduvan, and Samarkand, inviting the most
brilliant scholarsof his time. The Samarkand madrasa became a major center of learning, featuring
an observatory, mosque, dormitory, and bathhouse.
In 1447, after Shahrukh’s death, Ulugh Beg became the ruler.
However, his reign was short-lived—he was killed by his own
son, who led a rebellion against him.

Also Baysungur, the younger brother of Ulugh Beg,

was a patron of Persian literature. In Herat, the
legacy of Firdawsi(author of the Shahnameh) was
revived, and poets like Jami and Navoi contributed
to both Persian and Turkic literature.

The last ruler of the Timurids was Babur, who

inherited his father's land in the Fergana Valley. He
was next in line for the throne of Timur, but his
ambition was never realized. After being defeated
by Muhammad Sheybani, a descendant of Juchi,
Babur had to escape to Kabul with his forces.
There, he managed to defeat the Sultan of Delhi
and founded a new state in 1526—the Mughal
Empire, which eventually fell in the 19th century.
Mogholistan's Struggles
• By the late 15th century, Moghоlistan was divided between the feuding
sons of Vais Khan—Esen Buqa and Yunus. In the 1450s-1460s, Kazakh tribes
led by Janibek and Girey migrated from the Dasht-i Kipchak to the Tien
Shan. Over 200,000 Kazakhs settled in the Chuy and Talas Valleys. Esen
Buqa lacked the strength to resist them and instead sought to use them
against his enemies.
• In the 1470s, Mogholistan briefly united against a new threat—the Oirat
Mongols. A massive 300,000-strong Oirat army invaded the region. The
Moghol nobles, led by Yunus Khan, launched a counterattack but were
decisively defeated on the Ili River. Yunus retreated with his remaining
forces to the Ferghana Valley, while the Oirats eventually withdrew.
After Yunus Khan's death in 1487, Mogholistan was split between
his sons: Mahmud Khan ruled the western part from Tashkent,
while Ahmad Khan controlled the eastern half, based in As-Suu
(modern China). Under Ahmad Khan, the northern Tien Shan saw
the rise of a new tribal confederation centered around the Kyrgyz.
His son, Khalil Sultan, was even known as the "Khan of the Kyrgyz."
By the end of the 15th century, the consolidation of Kyrgyz tribes
gained momentum, marking the early stages of Kyrgyz
nationhood. Their political and military influence grew, shaping the
future of the region.
thank you(:

resources:
History of Kyrgyzstan (Lecture book), Chotaeva Cholpon

Wikipedia(pics)
История Кыргызстана: основные вехи (с древнейших времен до середины
XlX века) 10 класс, О. Дж. Осмонов
История Кыргызстана (С древнейших времен до наших дней), О. Дж.
Осмонов