DATACENTER

S
Cartas, Angelica
Eroles, Ace Alfred
Garon, James
David
Moleño, Julie Ann
Quite, Esther
 Let's Play:

Guess the
Word/s
PBDIT EDITION
Game Master

Yours Truly,
JAMES
 How To
Play

1.GUESS THE WORD/s BASED ON 4 PICTURES.

2.THE NUMBER OF LETTERS OF THAT WORD IS EQUIVALENT
TO THE NUMBER OF BLANKS BELOW.
3.JUST TYPE YOUR ANSWER OR VOICE IT OUT.
4.WE WILL REVEAL THE CORRECT ANSWER AFTER EVERY
SLIDE.
l e t s g o !
 1st SLIDE OUT OF 4

TRIAL
ROUND

__________ ____________
 ANSWER:

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
__________ ____________
AKA. AI
 2ND SLIDE OUT OF 4

EASY
ROUND

______
ANSWER:

SWITCH
______
 3RD SLIDE OUT OF 4

AVERAGE
ROUND

______________
 ANSWER:

I_N_F_R_A_ S_T_R_ U_ C T U
_____ R E
 4TH SLIDE OUT OF 4

DIFFICULT
ROUND

______
 ANSWER:

SERVER
______
THANK YOU.
I HOPE YOU
HAD FUN!
 Introduction
• Most IT infrastructure
hardware, except for
end user devices, are
hosted in datacenters
• A datacenter provides:
– Power supply
– Cooling
– Fire prevention and
detection
– Equipment racks
 History
• Early datacenters
(computer rooms) were
designed and built for
large mainframe
systems
• A mainframe, together
with its peripheral
systems easily filled up
a large computer room
 Today’s datacenters
• Today’s datacenters are equipped
with standardized 19" racks
– They house servers, storage
devices, and network
equipment
– They are installed in rows
forming corridors between
them
• Very large datacenters today
contain shipping containers
packed with thousands of servers
each
– When repairs or upgrades are
needed, entire containers are
replaced
 Power supply
Energy usage is a key issue for
datacenters

• A few kilowatts (kW) for one rack of servers

Power drawn by datacenters: • Dozens of megawatts (MW) for large facilities

The amount of power available

in a datacenter is expressed as • Known as power density
the number of kilowatts per m2

Normal-density datacenter:
between 2 and 6 kW/m2

High-density datacenter:
between 10 and 20 kW/m2
 Power Density

Example: a HP DL380 server uses 250W power

• when energy density is 2 to 6 kW/m2, only between

8 and 24 servers can be placed in the rack
• A high-density datacenter (10 to 20 kW/m2) allows
racks to be filled with approximately 40 to 80
servers

In practice most server racks cannot be fully equipped

Uninterruptable Power Supply
(UPS)

Power issues can occur in the utility power supply

Downtime
Possibly leading to: Damage to equipment

Blackout
Surge
Types of power issues: Spike
Brownout
Waveform issues

An Uninterruptable Power Is independent of the utility power supply

Supply (UPS): Provides high quality electrical power

 Uninterruptable Power Supply
(UPS)
• A UPS installation consists of:
– Filters
– A diesel power generator
– A set of batteries or a flywheel system
 Power Generators
• Can power the datacenter for an indefinite
period
• Provide between 0.5 and 2 MW of power
• Diesel cannot be stored forever
Battery powered UPS systems
• Three types of Battery powered UPSs:
– Standby UPS systems (also known as off-line systems)
• Used in small setups (a few workstations or servers)
– Line interactive UPS systems
• Use a transformer between the utility power and the IT equipment
• Works as a filter for many of the power issues
– Double conversion UPS systems
• Convert the AC utility power to DC power and then back to high
quality AC power
 Flywheel UPS systems
• Use kinetic energy
• Provide power for 10 to 20 seconds
 UPS maintenance
• Batteries – must be replaced at regular
intervals (every 3 to 5 yrs)
• Flywheels – regular maintenance such as
bearing replacement
• Diesel power generators – preheated and
tested regularly
Power distribution
A power distribution unit (PDU) is a device Distributes power to equipment located in the
with multiple power outlets datacenter

Large floor mounted PDUs take main feeds (usually 3

phase power) and distribute it into multiple smaller
Two types of PDUs: feeds to computer racks
Power Strips that feed equipment in racks

Most Infrastructure components can be equipped with two power supplies for
redundancy

For availability reasons at least two power

Each feeds one of the two power supplies in the
strips are needed to power equipment in equipment
a rack
Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS)
• Two independent
power feeds to racks
• UPS should not be a
Single Point of Failure
 Cooling
> 90% of all power used by IT infrastructure
components is converted into heat

All heat has to be dissipated by a cooling system

Computer Room Air Conditioners (CRAC)

• Refrigerant-based units connected to outside

Two types of cooling condensing units

Computer Room Air Handlers (CRAH)

systems: • Chilled water based and connected to outside

chillers
• A chiller produces chilled water via a
refrigeration process
 Cooling
• The efficiency of a cooling system is specified in:
– EER - Energy Efficiency Ratio
• The measure of efficiency at maximum air conditioning load
• The ratio between output cooling in BTU per hour and the electric energy
input in Watts at a given operating point
– SEER - Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio
• Same as EER, but seasonal data is used for the measurement
• The time of year the cooling system is used most (typically in the summer)
– COP - Coefficient Of Performance
• The ratio between cooling load in kW and the electric energy input in kW
• Normal values are between 3 and 10
Operating temperatures
Infrastructure components Servers shut themselves down at
have maximum operating an air inlet temperature of 40
degrees Celsius
temperatures

The air temperature in the datacenter usually ranges from

18 degrees to 27 degrees Celsius

Using higher temperatures Raising the temperature in a

datacenter with one degree
saves cooling capacity and Celsius lowers the cost for
power cooling by approximately 5%
Airflow
Humidity and dust

The humidity of the air in a

Air humidity should between 40% and
datacenter is critical for the IT 60%
infrastructure components

The number of dust particles Don’t allow visitors in the datacenter

People should wear dust-free clothing
in a datacenter should be (like white coats) and protective sleeves
minimized around their shoes
Fire prevention, detection,
and suppression
Fire is one of the main A short circuit in a cable
enemies of a datacenter Defect equipment

Because of the air flow in the

Fires can spread around very datacenter and the frequent
quickly use of raised floors

Even if a fire starts outside of

Smoke could damage the datacenter’s computer
equipment in the datacenter room
 Fire prevention, detection, and
suppression
• Suppressing fire in a datacenter consists of four levels:
– Fire prevention – Avoid a fire
– Passive fire protection – Limit the exposure of the fire once it
has started
– Fire detection systems – Detect smoke and fire
– Fire suppression systems – Extinguish the fire once it is detected
 Equipment racks
• A 19” rack is a standardized metal
enclosure to house IT
infrastructure components
• The height of a rack is measured
in rack unit or 'U‘
– One U is 44.5 mm
• A typical rack is 42U high
Datacenter energy efficiency

IT accounts for approximately 2% of all the world’s CO2

emissions

During the lifetime of a server the amount of money spent

on electricity can be much higher than the cost of the
server itself

Cooling system
The datacenter itself uses Lighting
power as well Heating of the operator rooms
Etc.
Datacenter energy efficiency

The Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) metric measures the

power used by the datacenter

The PUE is calculated by dividing the amount of power

used by the datacenter, by the power used to run the IT
equipment in it

Typical PUE value of a Running a datacenter with a PUE of 1.5

means that for each watt of power used
datacenter is between 1.1 and by the IT equipment an extra half watt is
2.0 used by the rest of the datacenter
Datacenter availability
 What Are Data Center
Tiers?
Data center tiers is a standardized ranking
system that indicates the reliability of data
center infrastructure. This classification ranks
facilities from 1 to 4, with 1 being the worst and
4 the best-performing level.
 What Are Data Center
Tiers?
A data center receives this international
ranking from the Uptime Institute, an
independent organization that determines the
facility level primarily based on:
• Uptime guarantees.
• Fault tolerance (the ability to handle both
planned and unplanned disruptions).
• Service cost.
 How to get an Official Tier
Rating?

Data center staff needs to send site plans

and blueprints (Tier Certification of Design
Documents) to the Uptime Institute to get an
official rating. Representatives from the Uptime
Institute then visit the center on-site to inspect
operations and assign a rating.
What Factors Are Considered for
Data Center Tier Classification
The Uptime Institute keeps the exact method of
assigning tiers secret, but most key metrics are a
matter of public knowledge. The Institute considers
the following factors when rating a facility:
• Service availability and uptime guarantees.
• Redundancy levels (the process of duplicating
critical components and keeping them as
backups and fail-safes in case of planned or
unplanned disruptions).
What Factors Are Considered for
Data Center Tier Classification
• The state of cooling and power infrastructure.
• Staff expertise and maintenance protocols (particularly
the ability to handle concurrent maintainability).
• Service cost.
• Operational sustainability and the center's ability to
meet long-term business goals.
• The time a facility requires to set up a new client.
• Data center security levels.
• Carrier neutrality.
 Datacenter tiers
Tier Measures Expected downtime
Tier 1
Availability Single path for power and Downtime very likely for
99.671% cooling distribution planned and unplanned
Type No redundant components maintenance
Basic
Tier 2
Availability Fulfills all Tier 1 requirements
Downtime likely for
99.741% Single path for power and
planned and unplanned
Type cooling distribution
maintenance
Redundant Redundant components
components
 Datacenter tiers
Fulfills all Tier 1 and Tier 2
Tier 3 requirements
Availability Multiple active power and No downtime due to
99.982% cooling distribution paths planned maintenance
Type Only one path active Downtime unlikely for
Concurrently Redundant components unplanned maintenance
maintainable All I T equipment must be
dual-powered
Fulfills all Tier 1, Tier 2, and
Tier 3 requirements
Multiple active power and
Tier 4
cooling distribution paths
Availability No downtime due to
Redundant components
99.995% planned or unplanned
All cooling equipment is
Type maintenance
independently dual-powered,
Fault tolerant including chillers and Heating,
Ventilating and Air
Conditioning (HVAC) systems
 Availability tiers
• The tier classification only describes the
availability of the datacenter facilities
– Not the availability of the IT infrastructure
components
• A tier 3 datacenter running an IT infrastructure
with an availability of 99.990% will have a total
availability of
 Redundant datacenters

Multiple redundant Multiple datacenters are a must Redundant datacenters

datacenters can be used when higher availability than should be at least 5 km
99.995% is needed apart
to increase availability
If a datacenter with all its Based on the effect of incidents
equipment has an availability like the 9/11 terrorist attacks in
the USA and reports of explosions
lower than tier 1, two in factory plants and fireworks
datacenters can reach an storage
availability of the same level as
one tier 4 datacenter
How to compute for the availability
tier for Redundant datacenters?

• As an example, if a datacenter with all its

equipment has an availability of 99.5% (lower
than tier 1), two datacenters can reach an
availability of the same level as one tier 4
datacenter
• 1 – ((1-99.5%)^2) = 99.9975%
Datacenter performance
Datacenter performance
• The datacenter itself does not provide
performance to IT Infrastructures, except for
the bandwidth of the internet connectivity
and the scalability of the location
Datacenter security
Datacenter security is mostly a
matter of physical security,
ensuring that equipment is
physically safe behind the
datacenter doors. To implement
this, doors, windows, and other
entry points must be secured.
Physical access to the
datacenter must be restricted to
selected and qualified staff and
an entry registration system
should be used. A log should be
maintained containing all staff
entering and leaving the
datacenter.
ACCESS CONTROL
Doors must be secured using conventional locks,
electronic locks, or biometric scanners that open only
after proper authentication. This can be done using
card access control systems using either proximity
based cards or swipe cards.
ENTRY POINTS
Entry points can be implemented as regular doors,
but also as mantraps (where staff is routed through a
set of double doors that may be monitored by a
guard) or revolving doors, where only one person at
a time can enter the datacenter’s restricted area.
These entries can be equipped with weighing scales
to ensure only one person enters the restricted area.
SURVEILLANCE
Doors and windows should have monitoring and
preferably CCTV camera surveillance to alert upon
opening. Motion detection systems can be used to
detect movement inside and outside the building. In
general, the number of entry and exit points of the
datacenter should be kept to a minimum.
SECURITY PERSONNEL
Permanent security guards (possibly with dogs) could
be considered if the datacenter is large or contains
sensitive information.
ANTI-CRASH PROTECTIVE BARRIERS
Finally, anti-ram raid equipment can
be installed to protect from frontal
assaults using vehicles.
DATA CENTER SECURITY IN MODERN
TIME
HOW DOES DO IT?

Google employs a multi-layered approach to protect

its data centers with six layers of protection.