Analytic

Functions,
its
properties
and
applications
NAME – RISHIRAJ DEBNATH
SUBJECT – MATHEMATICS IIB ( BSM-
202) ROLL NO. – 13000324118
DEPT.- ECE
 Introduction to Analytic
Definition of anFunctions
Analytic Function:
A complex function f(z) is said to be analytic at a point 𝑧0 if it is differentiable at every point in some
neighborhood around 𝑧0.
𝑓 𝑧+Δ𝑧
point within that region.
Mathematically: A function f(z) is analytic at0𝑧 if the following limitΔ𝑧→ −𝑓 𝑧Δ
Alternatively, a function is analytic in a region if it is differentiable at every
for all directions of
exists: lim 0 𝑧 Δz .
Why Are Analytic Functions Important?
1. Complex Differentiability: Unlike real functions, a function of a Example of an Analytic
complex variable is much stronger when differentiable—it Function:
𝑒 𝑧 . 𝑒 𝑧 can be
implies infinite differentiability and smoothness. Let’s consider the function f(z)=
2. Power Series Representation: Every analytic function can be Since

𝑒 𝑧 =𝑒
expanded expanded as:
in a power series, making them easy to manipulate. It 𝑥+𝑖 𝑦 =𝑒 𝑥 (cos y + i
is differentiable
3. Conformal Mapping: They preserve angles, making them complexplane,
everywhere
sin y) making
in it an the
useful in physics and engineering. entire (analytic
function
4. Used in Complex Integration: Helps in evaluating everywhere).
integrals using Cauchy’s Theorems.

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 (Cauchy-Riemann
Equations)
What Are the Necessary Conditions for Analyticity? Short Derivation of Cauchy-Riemann Equations
For a function f(z)=u(x,y)+iv(x,y)f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, Step 1: Consider the Complex Differentiability

𝑓 𝑧 + Δ𝑧
y)f(z)=u(x,y)+iv(x,y) to be analytic (i.e., complex Condition The derivative of f(z) is defined as:

− 𝑓 𝑧Δ
𝑓′
differentiable), it must satisfy Cauchy-Riemann (CR)
Δ𝑧→
𝜕𝑈 Equations:
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑈 𝑧
𝑧 = limalong two
equations.
0

𝜕𝑣 , =
Cauchy-Riemann (CR) We check differentiability

−
paths:
=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 + Δ𝑥,the
𝑦 real
Step 2: Differentiability Along the x-Direction
− 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦
•u(x,y) = Real part𝜕𝑥 Δ
where: Let Δz = Δx (i.e., moving along
𝑓� =Δ𝑥→lim
𝑥
�

Expanding f(x,y), 0
of f(z) axis), then,
𝜕𝑢 +𝑖
•v(x,y) = Imaginary part of f(z)
𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑥
we get:
These equations ensure that the
function is 𝜕𝑥 y-Direction
Step 3: Differentiability Along the

𝑓 𝑥, Δ𝑦 + 𝑦
differentiable in the complex plane. Let Δz=iΔy (i.e., moving along the imaginary
𝑓𝑦 =
Δ𝑦→ − 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦𝑖Δ
axis), then,
lim 0
𝑦
𝜕𝑢
Expanding f(x,y),

𝜕𝑣 +
𝜕𝑦
we get:
𝛛𝑈𝑖
Equating both: 𝛛𝑈 = 𝛛𝑣 , 𝜕𝑦 =
− 𝛛𝑣
𝛛𝑥
𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑦
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 What Are the Sufficient Conditions?
A function f(z)=u(x,y)+iv(x,y)f is analytic in a region if it satisfies the

=𝛛𝑦𝛛𝑣𝛛𝑦, 𝛛𝑢 =
following conditions:
𝛛𝑢
1. Cauchy-Riemann Equations Hold:𝛛𝑥
− 𝛛𝑣 𝛛𝑥

• 𝛛 𝑢 , 𝛛𝑣of, 𝛛Partial
2. Continuity
𝛛𝑥
,
𝑢 𝛛𝑣 Derivatives:
𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑥
must exist and be continuous in a region.
• If the partial derivatives are not continuous, even if the CR equations
hold, the function
might not be analytic.
3. Single-Valueness: f(z) should not have multi-valued outputs in the given
domain .

Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦2 + 𝑖 3𝑥2𝑦 − 𝑦3 is Analytic:

Given: u 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥𝛛𝑢
3 − 3𝑥2𝑦 , v 𝑥, 𝑦
𝛛𝑣
= 3𝑥2𝑦 − 𝑦3
𝛛𝑦
=𝛛𝑢 = 3𝑥, 2−3= 𝑦2 , 𝛛𝑣 = 3𝑥2−3 𝑦2
- 6xy
𝛛𝑥
6xy and derivatives are continuous, f(z)𝛛𝑦
Checking CR equations:
Since CR equations hold
is analytic.

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Milne’s method is a systematic approach to find an analytic function f(z) when given either its
real part u(x,y) or
imaginary part
Step-by-Step v(x,y).
Process of Milne’s Method :
1. Check for Harmonicity:
1. Ensure that the given function satisfies Laplace’s
𝛛 𝑢 𝛛 𝑢
equation 2 2
+ =
0
𝛛𝑥 2
𝜕𝑈 𝛛𝑦
𝜕𝑣2 𝜕
𝜕𝑈,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= 𝑣
𝜕
−
= 𝜕𝑦 𝑥
2. Use Cauchy-Riemann (CR) Equations:
1. Find
1. f(z) Using
Solve Integration:
the CR equations:
1.Integrate the obtained function

If given u(x,y) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 , then:

to get f(z). Example

•Obtain f(z) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦2 + i(2xy)

•Solve CR equations to find v(x,y).

•Express it in terms of z: f(z)= 𝑧2

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Examples of Analytic Examples of Non-Analytic

• 𝑒 𝑧 (Exponential Function) • f(z)=∣z∣= 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 (Modulus

Functions Functions

• sin(z) and cos(z) (Trigonometric Function)

𝑧𝑛
(Power Functions, where n is a positive
Functions) • f(z)=∣z∣=x - iy (Complex Conjugate
• integer) Function)
• log(z) (Logarithmic Function) is • f(z)=Re(z)=x (Real Part of z)
𝑄(𝑧
• analytic
Rational in Its Domain
Functions
f(z)=𝑃(𝑧) )

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harmonic function is a twice continuously differentiable function u(x,y) that satisfies Laplace’s
equation: 𝛛2 𝑢 𝛛2 𝑢
+ =0
𝛛𝑥 2 𝛛𝑦 2
Key Properties of Harmonic Functions
Linearity: If u1 and u2 are harmonic, then c1u1+c2u2is also harmonic.
Mean Value Property: The value of a harmonic function at a point is the average of its values over a
surrounding
region.
Maximum and Minimum Principle: A harmonic function attains its extreme values on the boundary of
a domain.
Harmonic Conjugates: If u(x,y)is harmonic, there exists a function v(x,y)such that f(z)=u + iv is
analytic.

u(x,y) = 𝑥 2 −
Examples of Harmonic Functions

𝑦2
𝑒𝑥 cosy
u(x,y)=

u(x,y)= lnr
Applications
of Harmonic
Functions Page
 Conclusio
n
Analytic functions play a fundamental role in complex analysis, engineering,
and physics due to their smoothness and differentiability in a given domain.
These functions, characterized by the Cauchy-Riemann (CR) equations, exhibit
remarkable properties such as infinite differentiability, power series
representation, and harmonic nature.
Their applications span electromagnetic theory, fluid dynamics, signal
processing, and quantum mechanics, where they help in solving Laplace’s
equation, conformal mapping, and potential theory. Classic examples like
eze^zez, sinz\sin zsinz, and polynomials demonstrate their importance in both
theoretical and practical scenarios.
Understanding analytic functions enhances our ability to model real-world
problems efficiently while providing powerful mathematical tools for solving
boundary value problems, stability analysis, and optimization tasks.

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Thank you

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