FACTORS OF

HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT
 PRE-NATAL
DEVELOPMENT
AND MATERNAL
NUTRITION
PRE-NATAL DEVELOPMENT
refers to the process of growth and
maturation of an embryo and fetus during
pregnancy, from the moment of conception
until birth.
STAGES IN PRE-
NATAL
DEVELOPMENT
GERMINAL STAGE
The initial stage, lasting from conception
(when the sperm fertilizes the egg) to about
two weeks. During this time, the fertilized egg
forms a zygote, which undergoes multiple cell
divisions and eventually becomes a blastocyst.
The blastocyst then implants itself in the
lining of the uterus.
EMBRYONIC STAGE
This stage spans from about the third week
to the eighth week of pregnancy. It is a period
of rapid development when the blastocyst
develops into an embryo. During this stage,
major organs and body systems begin to form.
It's a critical period, and exposure to harmful
substances or conditions can lead to birth
defects.
FETAL STAGE
Starting around the ninth week of pregnancy
and continuing until birth, the fetus enters the
fetal stage. During this time, the focus shifts
from organ development to growth and
refinement. The fetus continues to develop its
organs and systems, but it also grows in size
and matures in preparation for birth.
MATERNAL NUTRITION
refers to the dietary and nutritional needs of
pregnant women. It is a crucial aspect of
prenatal care and plays a significant role in
ensuring the health and well-being of both the
expectant mother and the developing fetus.
 PROPER MATERNAL
NUTRITION IS ESSENTIAL
BECAUSE IT PROVIDES THE
NECESSARY NUTRIENTS AND
ENERGY FOR THE
FOLLOWING:
FETAL DEVELOPMENT
Adequate maternal nutrition supports the
growth and development of the fetus,
including the formation of organs, tissues, and
bones.
MATERNAL HEALTH
Good nutrition helps pregnant women
maintain their health during pregnancy,
reducing the risk of complications and
ensuring they have the energy required for
the physical demands of pregnancy.
PREVENTING BIRTH
DEFECTS
Certain nutrients, such as folic acid, are
crucial in preventing neural tube defects and
other birth defects in the developing baby.
PREVENTING LOW BIRTH
WEIGHT
Poor maternal nutrition can lead to low birth
weight, which is associated with health issues
for the newborn.
PROVIDING ENERGY
Pregnancy requires additional energy, and a
well-balanced diet provides the calories
needed to support the growth of the fetus and
the mother's changing body.
KEY COMPONENTS OF MATERNAL
NUTRITION INCLUDES:
Folic Acid
Iron
Calcium
Protein
Vitamin and Minerals
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
 CHILD
NUTRITION AND
EARLY
EXPERIENCES
CHILD NUTRITION AND
EARLY EXPERIENCES
Getting children to eat healthy foods can sometimes
feel like fighting an uphill battle. The leafier and
greener the food, the greater struggle. Child
nutrition is incredibly important, however. Don’t cave
in and let them eat nothing but fast food and sweets.
It’s worth the struggle.
Early experiences, such as diet, affect a child's
health trajectory and can have long-term effects on
physical and mental well-being. Nutritional
deficiencies in early life can result in stunted growth,
WHY IS CHILD NUTRITION
IMPORTANT?
Nutrition is important at every age. Your
children need proper nutrients to stay healthy
and grow up healthy and strong. Nutrition for
children can also help establish a foundation
for healthy eating habits and nutritional
knowledge that your child can apply
throughout life.
 WHAT NUTRIENTS DO
 AnCHILDRENS NEED?
easy way to ensure that children get the nutrients they need is by choosing
healthy foods for them to eat.
 Choose lean protein from sources such as poultry, beans, seafood, nuts and seeds.
 Eat fresh, canned, or frozen fruits and vegetables every day. Look for canned and
frozen options without added fats or sugars. Fruits should be in 100% juice or
water.
 Choose whole grain foods such as breads, cereals, and pastas that are high in fiber.
 Look for low fat dairy such as milk, cheese, and yogurt for adults and kids in your
family. Babies should not have dairy products till they’re one year old. The
American Academy of Pediatrics recommends whole milk for babies 12 to 24
months, unless your infant is gaining too much weight. Ask your doctor if you’re not
sure.
 It’s also important to limit added and refined sugars, refined grains, sodium, trans,
fats, saturated fats, and foods that are low in nutrients.
TIPS FOR CHILDREN
NUTRITION
Teach the importance of good nutrition, and
help your children establish healthy eating
habits. The more your child understands
about nutrition, the more excited he will be
about eating healthy.
BIOLOGICAL AND
MEDICAL
CONDITIONS
BIOLOGICAL DISORDERS
disturbances of the normal state of the body
or mind. Disorders of structure or function in
an animal or plant. (Oxford) Disorders may be
caused by genetic factors, disease, or
“trauma.”
ALBINISM
a “congenital” disorder characterized by
partial or complete absence of “melanin”
pigment in the eyes, hair, and skin. If the gene
that promotes pigment production is absent or
inactive, then no pigment of any color is
made, leading to the ‘albino’ "phenotype."
ANEMIA
a condition in which the body does not have
enough healthy "red blood cells." Red blood
cells provide “oxygen” to body “tissues.”
(PubMedHealth2) The number of red blood
cells is below normal.
ASTHMA
chronic disease in which contractions of the
“airways,” “inflammation,” and accumulation
of “mucus” block air flow. (Lewis, 337) Asthma
is a disease that causes the airways of the
lungs to swell and narrow, leading to
wheezing, shortness of breath, chest
tightness, and coughing.
AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS
disorders that are characterized by the
production of antibodies that react with host
tissues. A condition that occurs when the
immune system mistakenly attacks and
destroys healthy body tissue.
BLOOD COT
a mass of blood that forms when blood “platelets,” proteins, and
cells stick together. (NCIt) Clumps that occur when blood hardens
from a liquid to a solid. Can partly or completely block the flow of
blood in a “blood vessel.” A blockage in an “artery” may prevent
oxygen from reaching the tissues in that area. A blockage in the
“vein” will usually cause fluid buildup and swelling.
Blood clots are also more likely in people with "cancer," recent
surgery or injury, obesity, and "liver" or "kidney" disease. A
buildup of “cholesterol” that narrows an artery may change or
slow the flow of blood, making it easier for a blood clot to form.
BLUE PERSON DISEASES
a bluish color to the skin or mucus
membranes that is usually due to a lack of
oxygen in the blood. Blood that has lost its
oxygen is dark bluish-red. People whose blood
is low in oxygen tend to have a bluish color to
their skin, called ‘cyanosis.
CHOLERA
 infection of the small intestine. Caused by
the bacterium ‘Vibrio cholerae.’ The bacteria
releases a “toxin” that causes increased
release of water from cells in the intestines,
which produces severe diarrhea. Cholera
occurs in places with poor sanitation,
crowding, war, and famine. People get the
infection by eating or drinking contaminated
food or water.
CHRONIC
describing a disease of long duration
involving very slow changes. Such disease is
often of 'gradual onset' (comes on slowly).
Something that continues over an extended
period of time. A chronic condition is usually
long-lasting and does not easily or quickly go
away.
COMA
a clinically defined condition, in which the patient
cannot be aroused, and shows no evidence of
conscious sensation, reflexes, or any significant
movement. (Koch, 332) A condition in which a
patient is in a state of deep sleep and cannot be
awakened.
A coma may be caused by many things, including
trauma, drugs, toxins, or certain diseases.
COMPLEX DISEASES
(those) caused by the interaction of multiple genes
and environmental factors. Complex diseases are
also called 'multifactorial.' Examples of complex
diseases include cancer and “heart disease.”
(NHGRI) Involves multiple genetic and
environmental factors. Obesity, heart disease, and
“schizophrenia” are examples of diseases that have
multiple causes. (GNN) Also referred to as 'complex
disorders.’
DEGENERATIVE DISEASE
is when the function or structure of the affected
tissues or organs changes for the worse over time.
“Osteoarthritis,” “osteoporosis,” and “Alzheimer's
disease” are examples.
Caused by deterioration of organs or tissues, rather
than by infection. (Lawrence) Characterized by
progressive, often irreversible... loss of function.
(Oxford) Also referred to as ‘degenerative disorder.’
DEHYDRATION
a condition caused by the loss of too much
water from the body. Severe diarrhea or
vomiting can cause dehydration.
DISEASE
a disorder with specific cause and
recognizable signs and symptoms. It may
affect the whole body or any of its parts, and
its “etiology,” “pathology,” and “prognosis”
may be known or unknown.
DISORDER
any abnormal condition of the body or mind
that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or
distress to the person affected or those in
contact with the person. The term is often
used broadly to include injuries, disabilities,
syndromes, symptoms, deviant behaviors, and
atypical variations of structure and function.
ENDEMIC
of a disease, condition, etc. habitually
present in a certain area. (Oxford) The
constant presence of diseases or infectious
agents within a given geographic area or
population group.
HOLOENDEMIC
a disease for which a high prevalent level of
infection begins early in life and affects most
of the child population, leading to a state of
equilibrium such that the adult population
shows evidence of the disease much less
commonly than do children. For example,
'malaria' in many communities is a
holoendemic disease.
HYPERENDEMIC
a disease that is constantly present at a
high incidence and/or prevalence rate
and affects all groups equally.
DISEASE TRANSMISSION
infectious diseases… (move) from person to
person by direct or indirect contact. Certain
types of viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi
can all cause infectious disease.
OUTBREAK
when an illness happens in unexpected high
numbers. It may stay in one area or extend
more widely. An outbreak can last days or
years.
EPIDEMIC
sudden outbreak of a disease in a country or
region not previously recognized in that area,
or a rapid increase in the number of new
cases of a previous existing endemic disease.
PANDEMIC
a disease outbreak that spreads across countries or
continents. An epidemic that has spread to multiple
countries or continents across the world. It affects
more people and takes more lives than an epidemic.
Covers large geographical area. (Dorsey, 41) The
World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-
19 to be a pandemic when it became clear that the
illness was severe and that it was spreading quickly
over a wide area.
FATIGUE
a condition marked by extreme tiredness and
inability to function due lack of energy.
Fatigue may be acute or "chronic." (NCIt) A
feeling of weariness, tiredness, or lack of
energy. Fatigue can be a normal and
important response to physical activity,
emotional “stress,” boredom, or lack of sleep.
FEVER
a rise in body temperature above the normal,
i.e. above an oral temperature of 98.6 degrees
F, or 37 degrees C. Fever is generally
accompanied by shivering, headache, nausea,
constipation, or diarrhea. Fevers are usually
caused by "bacterial" or "viral infections," and
can accompany an "infectious" illness, from
the common cold to "malaria."
GAUCHER DISEASE
a rare genetic disorder in which a person lacks an
enzyme called ‘glucocerebrosidase.’ Affects an
estimated 1 in 50,000 to 1 in 100,000 people in the
general population. Persons of Eastern and Central
European (Ashkenazi) Jewish heritage are more
likely to get this disease. It is an autosomal recessive
(which) means that the mother and father must both
pass one abnormal copy of the gene to the child in
order for the child to develop the disease.
HEMOPHILIA
which means love (philia) of blood (hemo), is
the most common severe hereditary
hemorrhagic disorder. Hemophilia usually
presents as bleeding after minor trauma or as
a spontaneous bleed.
HEMORRAGE
medical term for bleeding, usually excessive
bleeding.
IMMUNODEFICIENCY
the decreased ability of the body to fight
infections and other diseases. (NCI1) A
disorder in which the “immune system” is
unable to mount an adequate “immune
response.”
INFLAMMATION
redness, swelling, pain, and/or a feeling of
heat in an area of the body. This is a
protective reaction to injury, disease, or
irritation of the tissues. (NCIt) ‘Acute
inflammation’ is the immediate defensive
reaction of tissue to any injury, which may be
caused by infection, chemicals, or physical
agents. It involves pain, heat, redness,
swelling, and loss of function of the affected
LESION
characteristic damage to an organ or tissue
caused by disease processes. (Bynum 292) A
localized pathological or traumatic structural
change, damage, deformity, or discontinuity of
tissue, organ, or body part. An area of
abnormal tissue. A lesion may be benign (not
cancer) or malignant (cancer).
LETHARGY
a condition marked by drowsiness and an
unusual lack of energy and mental alertness.
It can be caused by many things, including
illness, injury, or drugs.
SINUSITIS
an acute or chronic infectious process
affecting the mucous membranes of the
‘paranasal sinuses.’ Often associated with
inflammation of the nasal lining.
MACULAR DEGENERATION
a condition (often associated with aging)
where the center of the retina in the eye (the
'macula') is damaged, resulting in loss of the
center of the visual field so that reading or
recognizing faces is impaired, but the
peripheral vision is relatively unaffected.
MIGRAINE
neural condition characterized by a severe
recurrent “vascular” headache, usually on one
side of the head, often accompanied by nausea
and vomiting.
MYALGIA
painful sensation originating from a muscle
or group of muscles.
NICROSIS
the death of some or all of the cells in an
organ or tissue, caused by disease, physical or
chemical injury, or interference with the blood
supply.
OSTEOARTHRITIS(OA)
a (degenerative) disease affecting “joints,”
particularly the knee and the hip. The
“cartilage” is lost and this may result in
damage to the underlying "bone."
PLAQUE
in medicine, a small, abnormal patch of tissue
on a body part or an organ. Plaques may also
be a build-up of substances from a fluid, such
as cholesterol in the blood vessels.
PNUEMONIA
a breathing (respiratory) condition in which there
is an infection of the lung. Germs called bacteria,
viruses, and fungi may cause pneumonia. In adults,
bacteria are the most common cause of
pneumonia. A severe inflammation of the lungs in
which the tiny ‘air sacs’ are filled with fluid. This
may cause a decrease in the amount of oxygen that
blood can absorb from air breathed into the lungs.
POLIOMYELETIS
Inflammation of the spinal cord that is caused
by the poliovirus, and that often results in
(some form of) paralysis.
PRESENILITY
Premature aging of the mind and body, so
that a person shows the reduction in mental
and physical abilities normally found only in
old age.
SCAR
a permanent mark left after a wound healing.
SEPSIS
infection of the bloodstream. (Lawrence)
Inflammatory response syndrome with a
proven or suspected infectious (cause).
SKIN RASH
any change in the skin which affects its
appearance or texture. A rash may be
localized to one part of the body, or affect all
the skin. Rashes may cause the skin to change
color, itch, become warm, bumpy, dry, cracked
or blistered, swell and may be painful.
SICKLE CELL DISEASE
a blood disorder characterized by the
appearance of sickle-shaped red blood cells
and anemia. The mutation causes the red
blood cells to take on an unusual sickle shape.
Individuals affected by sickle cell disease are
chronically anemic and experience significant
damage to their heart, lungs, and kidneys.
 PARENTING
STYLES,
MODELING, PEER
GROUPS AND
INTERACTIONS
 PARENTING STYLES, MODELING,
PEER GROUPS AND INTERACTIONS
PARENTING DEFINITION RESULTING BEHAVIOR IN
STYLE CHILD
Authoritative is a style of parenting that stresses self- Social competence and
reliance and independence. responsibility.

Authoritarian is a style of parenting that stresses Ineffective social interaction;

obedience respect for authority respect for inactive
authority, and traditional values.

Indulgent is a style of parenting characterized by show Social competence, well-

of affection, love, warmth, and nurturance adjusted; peer oriented;
but with little supervision misconduct

Neglectful is a style of parenting characterized by little Poor orientation to work and

warmth, nurturing, and supervision school, behavior problems
PARENTING STYLES, MODELING,
PEER GROUPS AND INTERACTIONS
ROLE MODELS PEER GROUP AND INTERACTIONS

oWorking mothers normally oAs the young are experiencing

serve as role models for their rapid physical changes, they
children. take comfort with other people
oChildren also imitate older, who are undergoing the same
more powerful and more changes.
prestigious peer models. oPeer group has always been a
oAs children age, they learn to source of affection, sympathy
reinforce peers’ behaviors. and understanding.
 UNIVERSAL,
GROUP-SPECIFIC
AND INDIVIDUAL
GROUPS
 UNIVERSAL, GROUP-SPECIFIC
AND INDIVIDUAL GROUPS
DEFINITION
INDIVIDUAL CHANGES o Changes all individuals undergo as biological
organism.
o We all go through the process of growth and
maturation as we age.
GROUP-SPECIFIC o Changes manifested and observed from
CHANGES
members growing up together in a particular
group hence influenced by dominant culture
o This includes a system of meaning, customs,
language, values, attitudes, traits, laws,
beliefs, morals guideline and physical artifacts.
INDIVIDUAL CHANGES o We're the product of unique combination
genes.
SELF-IDENTITY &
SOCIAL IDENTITY
DEVELOPMENT
SELF-IDENTITY
Self-identity refers to how we define
ourselves. Self-identity forms the basis of our
self-esteem. In adolescence, the way we see
ourselves changes in response to peers,
family, and school, among other social
environments. Our self-identities shape our
perceptions of belonging.
THEORY OF IDENTITY
DEVELOPMENT
ERIK ERIKSON JAMES MARCIA
theory of psychosocial a developmental psychologist,
development emphasizes the described similar tasks for
social nature of our adolescents, but rather than
development. His theory characterizing them as "stages"
proposed that our he believed the process was
psychosocial development non-linear. Marcia proposed
takes place throughout our that "statuses" of identity
lifespan. Erikson suggested development occur in response
that how we interact with to crises in domains such as
others is what affects our school, relationships, and
sense of self, or what he called values, rather than progressing
in a linear fashion.
the ego identity.
SOCIAL IDENTITY
Social identity refers to people's self-
categorizations in relation to their group
memberships. These categorizations are often
assigned to us or something we are born into.
SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY
INTERPERSONAL INTERACTION INTERGROUP INTERACTION

◦One-to-one ◦Identification with a

interactions with large grouping of
other individuals people, and the
interaction of their
grouping in turn
with other groups.
THANK YOU!!!!