Minnesota Multiphasic Personality

Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)

Presentation
By

M I Khaleel PK
1st Year M.Phil clinical psychology
[email protected]

LGBRIMH, TEZPUR

Date: 25-07-2014
 PERSONALITY TESTS
• Observe and describe the structure and
content of personality – the characteristic
ways an individual thinks, feels, behaves,
and interacts
• Clarifies
– Diagnoses
– Problematic patterns of behavior
– Intra and interpersonal dynamics
– Treatment implications
• Can be objective or projective
 Measuring Personality & Personality
tests
• Objective testing
– Specific questions or statements to which the person
responds by using specific, fixed answers or a rating scale
– Scores tabulated and compared to reference groups
Examples
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI; MMPI-2)
Millon Multi-Axial Inventory III (MCMI-III)
16 Personality Factors (16PF)
NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI)
• Projective testing
– Ambiguous or unstructured stimuli to which client is
asked to respond freely.
– Unconscious or conscious needs, motives, interests,
dynamics are projected onto ambiguous stimuli
revealing internal dynamics or personality
– More challenging to score and interpret than objective

• Example
Rorschach Inkblot, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Projective Drawing Tests
– Draw-A-Person, Draw-A-House, Draw-A-Tree,Draw-
A-Family
Sentence completion tests
 MMPI-2

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality

Inventory-2
 INTODUCTION
• The MMPI was developed in the late 1930’s and
first published in 1942 by Starke Hathaway and J.
C. McKinley
• 1100 original items and was cut down to 566 by
the time it was first published
• Designed for routine diagnostic assessments
• Empirical keying approach
• 724 Minnesota”normals”
• Originally 8 clinical scales plus validity scales
• MF and Si added later
Cont..
• Revised version is the MMPI-2 (1989)
• Authors and consultants of MMPI-2 are James N Butcher ,
John R Graham Yossef S Ben-Porath, Auke Tellegen and
W. Grant Dahlstrom.
• Revised in 2001-Version being reviewed
– 84% of the original items are in new version in original
or revised form
– Some test elements revised
– Added new clinical and validity scales
Cont..
• Separate forms for adolescents and adults
• 567 true/false items
• Normative sample (MMPI-2)
2600 U.S. residents(1138 male and 1462 female) aged 18-90 (census
derived)
• Yields individual’s clinical profile compared with the normative
sample
• Much of research on interpretation from MMPI applies to MMPI-2
• It is the most widely used psychometric test for measuring adult
psychopathology in the world. The MMPI-2 is used in mental health,
medical and employment settings. ( Drayton, M. 2013)
• There are more than10000 published papers using the MMPI-2 and
this pool is added to by hundreds of papers every year ( Drayton, M.
2013).
Cont..
• Publishing by University of Minnesota Press
• Distributed by Pearson
• Available in English, Spanish, and Canadian
French
• Paper-and-pencil, audiocassette recording,
compact disc recording, box form (with each item
on a separate card & client separates cards into
true & false categories), and computer
 Administrator Qualifications

• Must be licensed to practice psychology independently

OR
• Have a graduate degree in psychology or a closely-
related field and either graduate courses in tests and
measurement or completion of a Pearson Assessments-
approved workshop or other approved course
 Administration procedures
• Quiet room
• Good lighting
• Comfortable chair and table
• Establish rapport before administration
• Before administration begins, provide
information regarding nature of the test and
give complete, clear instructions
• Completion time = 60 to 90 minutes
 Respondent Characteristics
• 18 years or older
• At least 6th grade reading level
• Should be able to read and comprehend test
questions for the paper/pencil and computer
tests
• Recommended IQ of 80 or higher(?)
 Factors Influencing Performance

• Faking
• Social Desirability
• Item Omission
• Problems of Interpretation
• Self Deception
• Lack of Insight
Content of the MMPI-2
• Original 10 clinical/personality scales and
original 3 validity scales and added 4 validity
measures
• Additional options:
– Content scales
– Content component scales
– Harris-Lingoes subscales
– Supplementary scales
– Critical items
 MMPI-II: Validity Scales
• ?: Cannot Say
• L: Lie
• F: Infrequency
• K: Correction
• Fb: Back Side Infrequency
• Fp: Infrequency -Psychopathology
• S: Superlative Self-Presentation
• VRIN: Variable Response
Inconsistency
• TRIN: True Response Inconsistency
 MMPI-II: Validity Scales
? (?) Cannot Say
L • Not an actual scale
F • Unanswered questions (or both T&F)
• High Scores Reflect:
K – Carelessness / Psychomotor retardation
– Avoiding / Not wanting to admit
Fb – Indecision
Fp – Lack of information for meaningful
response / Difficulty reading
S – Extreme defensiveness
– Consistent with:
VRIN • Severe depression, obsessional states,
extreme intellectualization, paranoia
TRIN
 MMPI-II: Validity Scales
? Cannot Say (?)
L • > 30 Items
– May be Invalid
F – Determine location of omissions. If most occur
K after item 370, L,F,K and clinical scales may
be interpretable
Fb • 11 – 29 Items
– Interpret carefully
Fp – Some scales may be invalid
S – Determine Omitted Items. Do not interpret a
scale with more than 10% of its items omitted
VRIN • 0-10 Items
– ProbablyValid
TRIN
 (L) Lie Scale
• Hathaway and McKinley developed
• To assess that the test taker approached the instrument
with a defensive mind set.
• TRIN scale be examined for possible acquiescent or non
acquiescent response styles of prior to interpreting scores
on lie scale
 MMPI-II: Validity Scales
? (L) Lie
L • Client describing self in an unrealistic positive
manner
F • High Scores Reflect:
– Trying to create favorable impression
– Defensive, denying, repressing
K – Confused / rigid / moralistic
– Little insight into their motivations
Fb – Little awareness of consequences
– Inflated perception of self-worth
Fp – Socially conforming / Not original
– Poor tolerance for stress
S • Low Scores Reflect:
– Responding frankly to items
VRIN – Able to admit minor faults
– May be exaggerating negative things
TRIN – Strong, natural, relaxed, independent
– Communicate ideas well – leadership !!!
 MMPI-II: Validity Scales

? (L) Lie
• T > 80
L – If TRIN >79F then profile is invalid and un
interpretable
F
– Consider “Faking Good” & likely invalid
K – Conventional / Conforming
– Unoriginal / Inflexible
Fb – Moralistic
Fp – Repressed / In denial
• T = 65-79
S – Faking good or traditional background
– May be invalid
VRIN
• T < 64
TRIN – Average – responding frankly
 MMPI-II: Validity Scales
? (L) Lie (Demographic Variables)

L • Lower scores on L:
F – Better educated & Brighter
– More sophisticated
K
Fb
Fp
S
VRIN
TRIN
 MMPI-II: Validity Scales
? (F) Infrequency
L • Designed to indicate or detect deviant /
atypical responses
F • High Scores Reflect:
– Random responses
K
– All true or All false responses
Fb – Faking bad
• Low Scores Reflect:
Fp – Free of psychopathology
– Faking good?
S
– Normal responses
VRIN
TRIN
 MMPI-II: Validity Scales
? (F) Infrequency
• T > =100
L – If TRIN or VRIN >79F then profile is invalid and un
interpretable ,if both in normal limit Fp should be
examined.
F – if Fp also within normal profile reflecting severe
psychopathology
K – Disoriented / Confused / Clear Psychotic Behaviors
• T = 80 – 99
Fb – Consider Profile Invalid (All False, lazy, Exaggerating)
– If valid – consider exaggeration of symptoms
Fp • T = 55 – 79
– Psychotic / Severe Neurotic
S – Highly Deviant Social / Political Beliefs
– Moody, Restless, Dissatisfied, Unpredictable
VRIN
TRIN
 MMPI-II: Validity Scales
? (K) Correction
L • Developed for assess an individual level of
defensiveness in responding
F • High Scores Reflect:
K – Serious psychological disturbances but are not
aware of this
Fb – Faking good?
• Low Scores Reflect:
Fp – Respond to most items “true”
S – Faking bad?
– Suspicious of others
VRIN
TRIN
 MMPI-II: Validity Scales
? (K) Correction
• T >= 65
L – Consider profile may be invalid
• “Faking good” / All False
F
If TRIN is within normal limit then shows Clinically
defensive / denying /Intolerant / Uninsightful
K • T = 40 – 64
– Valid profile, Balanced Self-evaluation / well adjusted
Fb – Independent / intelligent / Enthusiastic / wide interests
• T = < 40
Fp
– Consider profile may be invalid
S – If TRIN within limit a low K score may be the result of
faking bad
• All true / “Faking bad” / Exaggeration
VRIN
TRIN
 MMPI-II: Validity Scales
? (Fb) Back Side Infrequency
L • Designed to Identify a “fake bad” mode of
responding for the last 197 items.
F • T >= 110
– Consider profile invalid
K – T score of Fb should be compared with T score
of F, if difference at lest 30 then it reflects a
Fb significant changes in responding in later part
and later part can be interpreted.
– All true, faking bad
Fp – Psychiatric in patient may be: disoriented,
confused, clear psychotic behavior
S
VRIN
TRIN
 MMPI-II: Validity Scales
(Fp) Infrequency -
? Psychopathology
L • Fp can assist in differentiating elevation on F that are
product of genuine psychopathology.
F • T > =100
– If TRIN or VRIN above 79 t then Consider profile
K is invalid. If normal then test taker over reporting
psychopathology
Fb • Random, All true, faking bad
Fp • T = 70-99
– Likely exaggerated, but may be valid
S – If valid, consider it is a cry for help
• T < 69: Consider profile valid
VRIN
TRIN
 MMPI-II: Validity Scales

(S) Superlative Self-

? Presenting
L • A measure of defensiveness
• highly correlated with “K”.
F • Developed by Butcher and Han in 1995

K
• In Clinical Settings:
Fb – T > 70
If TRIN or VRIN above 79 t then Consider
Fp profile is invalid Consider profile invalid
Faking good – very defensive
S
T < 69: Consider profile being valid
VRIN
TRIN
 MMPI-II: Validity Scales
(VRIN) Variable Response
? Inconsistency
L • Designed to detect inconsistent responding
F • T Score >= 80: profile is invalid and
uninterpretive
K
– Suggests Random Responding
Fb • T score 40-64 profile is valid
Fp • T score 65-79; profile valid however some
inconsistent responding, may be occasional
S
loss of concentration
VRIN
TRIN
 MMPI-II: Validity Scales
(TRIN) True Response
? Infrequency
L
• Designed to detect indiscriminant
F responses
• It made up opposite content pairs
K
• T score 80=> profile is invalid
Fb 65- 79 T ; profile is valid however
Fp some acquiescence
S
VRIN
TRIN
 Validity Scales

Faking BAD
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
L (Lie) F (Infrequency) K (Correction)
 Validity Scales

Faking GOOD
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
L (Lie) F (Infrequency) K (Correction)
 Clinical Scales
• The MMPI-2 clinical scales are essentially the same as for
the original MMPI, but few items were deleted because of
objectionable content
• Harris and Lingoes (1955, 1968) grouped items in some of
clinical scales into content homogeneous subscales. The
subscales should be interpreted only when the T scores are
>64 ( will be discussed later)
• T score >_75 indicates very high level, T score 55-64
indicates high level, T score 55- 64 indicates moderate
level, 45-54 T score indicates average and no interpretation
and T score <45 indicates low level and no interpretation
• Total number of clinical scales are 10.
MMPI-II: Clinical
Scales
• Hs (1): • Pa (6):
– Hypochondriasis – Paranoia
• D (2): • Pt (7):
– Depression – Psychasthenia
• Hy (3): • Sc (8):
– Hysteria – Schizophrenia
• Pd (4): • Ma (9):
– Psychopathic – Hypomania
Deviate
• Si (0):
• Mf (5):
– Social Introversion
– Masculinity /
Femininity
 MMPI-II: Clinical Scales

Hs (1) Hs (1) Hypochondrisis

D (2)
Hy (3) • Designed to indicate a variety of
Pd (4) personality characteristics
Mf (5) consistent with hypochondriasis.
Pa (6) • Overuse of medical system
Pt (7)
• Elderly individuals tend to score
Sc (8)
higher on scale 1 with declining
Ma (9)
health issues.
Si (0)
 MMPI-II: Clinical Scales

Hs (1) Hs (1) Hypochondrisis

D (2) • T > 75
Hy (3) – Extreme somatic concerns
Pd (4) – Consider somatic delusions
Mf (5) • T = 65 – 74
Pa (6) – Somatic concerns
Pt (7) – Sleep disturbances / Lack of energy
Sc (8) – Demanding / Dissatisfied / Complaining
Ma (9) • T = 45 – 54: Average
Si (0)
 MMPI-II: Clinical Scales

Hs (1) D (2) Depression

D (2)
• An index of discomfort
Hy (3)
• Dissatisfaction with life
Pd (4)
Mf (5)
• Scores associated with age:
Pa (6) – Elderly Individuals score 5-10
Pt (7) points higher
Sc (8) – Adolescents score 5-10 points
Ma (9) lower
Si (0)
 MMPI-II: Clinical Scales

Hs (1) D (2) Depression

D (2) • T >75
Hy (3) – Serious Clinical Depression
Pd (4)
• T = 65 – 74
Mf (5)
– Moderate depression / worried
Pa (6) – Dissatisfaction with life /
Pt (7) withdrawn
Sc (8) – Somatic complaints / low self-
Ma (9) confidence
Si (0)
 MMPI-II: Clinical Scales

Hs (1) Hy (3) Hysteria

D (2)  
Hy (3) 
Pd (4) 
 
Mf (5)
 
Pa (6)

Pt (7)

Sc (8)
Ma (9)
Si (0)
 MMPI-II: Clinical Scales

Hs (1) Hy (3) Hysteria

D (2)  
 
Hy (3)
 
Pd (4)  
Mf (5)  –
 
Pa (6)
 
Pt (7)  
Sc (8) 

Ma (9)
Si (0)
 MMPI-II: Clinical Scales

Hs (1) Pd (4) Psychopathic Deviate

D (2)  
Hy (3)  
Pd (4) 
Mf (5) 
Pa (6) 
Pt (7) 
Sc (8)  
Ma (9) 
Si (0)
 MMPI-II: Clinical Scales

Hs (1) Pd (4) Psychopathic Deviate

D (2)  
Hy (3)  –
Pd (4)  
Mf (5)

 
Pa (6) 
Pt (7)  
Sc (8) 

Ma (9)
Si (0)
 MMPI-II: Clinical Scales

Hs (1) Mf (5) Masculinity / Femininity

D (2)  
Hy (3) 
 
Pd (4)

Mf (5) 
Pa (6)  
Pt (7)  
Sc (8) 
Ma (9)
Si (0)
 MMPI-II: Clinical Scales

Hs (1) Mf (5) Masculinity / Femininity

D (2) (MALES)
Hy (3) • T >=65 high
Pd (4) – Consider serious sexual problems
Mf (5)
– Lacks traditional masculine
interests
Pa (6)
• T = 45 – 64: Average
Pt (7)
• No interpretation
Sc (8)
• T < 45:
Ma (9)
– traditional masculine interests
Si (0) – Macho
 MMPI-II: Clinical Scales

Hs (1) Mf (5) Masculinity / Femininity

D (2) (FEMALES)
 
Hy (3)
 
Pd (4)
 
Mf (5)  –
Pa (6)  
 –
Pt (7)
 
Sc (8) 

Ma (9)  
Si (0)  
 MMPI-II: Clinical Scales

Hs (1) Pa (6) Paranoia

D (2) • Designed to detect paranoid
Hy (3) symptoms
Pd (4) • Some items measures frankly
Mf (5) psychotic behavior other items cover
Pa (6) diverse topics as sensitivity cynicism,
Pt (7) asocial behavior, etc..
Sc (8) • total items 40
Ma (9)
Si (0)
 MMPI-II: Clinical Scales

Hs (1) Pa (6) Paranoia

D (2)  
Hy (3)  
Pd (4) 
Mf (5)  –
Pa (6)  
Pt (7) 
 
Sc (8)
 –
Ma (9)
Si (0)
 

 MMPI-II: Clinical Scales

Hs (1) Pt (7) Psychasthenia

D (2) • Scale was constructed primarily
Hy (3) using patients showing obsessive
Pd (4) worries, compulsive rituals, or
exaggerated fear
Mf (5)
• Total number of items 48
Pa (6)
• The full value of the K raw score is
Pt (7)
added to the raw score of scale 7.
Sc (8)
Ma (9)
Si (0)
 MMPI-II: Clinical Scales

Hs (1) Pt (7) Psychasthenia

D (2) • T >=75 very high
Hy (3) – Extreme fear, anxiety, tension
Pd (4) – Disturbing thoughts, fear of losing ones mind
obsessive compulsive symptoms
Mf (5) – Unable to concentrate
Pa (6) • T = 65 – 74 high
Pt (7) – Moderate anxiety, depression, insomnia, guilt
Sc (8) T = 40 – 59: moderate
Lacks self-confidence, anxious, tense,
Ma (9) uncomfortable
Si (0)
 MMPI-II: Clinical Scales
Hs (1)
D (2)
Sc (8) Schizophrenia
• Designed to find out
Hy (3)
Schizophrenia
Pd (4)
• Identifies individuals with
Mf (5) disturbances of thinking, mood,
Pa (6) behavior
Pt (7) • The full value of the raw score on
Sc (8) K scale is added to the raw score
Ma (9) on scale 8
Si (0)
 MMPI-II: Clinical Scales

Hs (1) Sc (8) Schizophrenia

D (2) • T >75 very high
Hy (3) – Consider schizophrenia diagnosis(confused ,
disorganized thinking, hallucinations,
Pd (4) delusions poor judgment, etc..)
Mf (5) • T = 65 – 74 high
Pa (6) unusual beliefs, social withdrawal, excessive
fantasy, generalized fear and anxiety
Pt (7) • T = 45 – 64: moderate
Sc (8) limited interest in other people, insecurity, etc..
Ma (9)
Si (0)
 MMPI-II: Clinical Scales

Hs (1) Ma (9) Hypomania

D (2) • Designed to identify individuals
Hy (3) experiencing hypomanic symptoms (manic
Pd (4)
episodes)
• Total items 46
Mf (5)
• Some items deals the features of
Pa (6)
hypomanic disturbance some deals family
Pt (7) relations, moral values and attitude, and
Sc (8) physical or body concern
Ma (9) • A fraction of raw score (.2) of K scale is
added to the raw score of scale 9.
Si (0)
 MMPI-II: Clinical Scales

Hs (1) Ma (9) Hypomania

D (2) • T >=75
Hy (3) – Consider bipolar disorder / manic type
• T = 65 – 74
Pd (4)
– Excessive energy / lacks direction / bossy
Mf (5) – Conceptual disorganization / talks too much
Pa (6) – Unrealistic self-appraisal / impulsive / low
tolerance
Pt (7) • T = 55 – 64
Sc (8) – Active / energetic / extroverted
Ma (9) – Creative / rebellious
• T = 45 – 54: Average
Si (0)
 MMPI-II: Clinical Scales

Hs (1) Si (0) Social Introversion

D (2) • This scale was developed by L.E.Drake in 1946
Hy (3) • Not typically included in a clinical assessment
• The items are of two general types. One group
Pd (4)
deals with social participation, the other deals
Mf (5) with general neurotic maladjustment and self
depression
Pa (6)
• Hostetler, Ben-porah, Butcher and Graham
Pt (7) developed a set of sub scale for scale 0
Sc (8) (si1,si2,si3) in 1989. (will be discussed later)

Ma (9)
Si (0)
 MMPI-II: Clinical Scales

Hs (1) Si (0) Social Introversion

D (2) • T >=75: Extreme withdrawal
Hy (3) • T = 65 – 74
Pd (4) – Introverted, Emotionally over
Mf (5)
controlled, passive
T =55-64
Pa (6)
– shy, timid, depressed, guilty
Pt (7) – dependable, low self-confidence
Sc (8) Below 45
Ma (9) Extroverted, sociable
Si (0) • T = 45 – 54: Average
 MMPI-II Scales
• Scale Name No of
Items
• ?: Cannot Say --
• L: Lie 15
• F: Infrequency 60
• K: Correction 30
• Hs (1): Hypochondriasis 32
• D (2): Depression 57
• Hy (3): Hysteria 60
• Pd (4): Psychopathic Deviate 50
• Mf (5): Masculinity / Femininity 56
• Pa (6): Paranoia 40
• Pt (7): Psychasthenia 48
• Sc (8): Schizophrenia 78
• Ma (9): Hypomania 46
• Si (0): Social Introversion 69
 CODE TYPES
• importance in mmpi-2
• Coding is based on the code of scale
• Most elevated scales code will be considered for coding of
patient
• Scale 5 and 0 traditionally have not been considered in
determining code type.
• there are two types of codes , 2 point codes and three point
codes
• The 2 or 3 highest points
i.e., a 1-2 code = scale 1 is the highest & scale 2 is the
second highest
• Combinations of scale elevations are of even more
MMPI-II: 2 & 3 Point
Codes
• 12/21 • 34/43 • 123/213/231
• 13/31 • 36/63 • 132/312
• 14/41 • 38/83 • 138
• 18/81 • 46/64 • 139
• 19/91 • 47/74 • 247/274/472
• 23/32 • 48/84 • 278/728
• 24/42 • 49/94
• 468/486/648/684/846/864
• 26/62 • 68/86
• 478/487/748/784/847/874
• 27/72 • 69/96
• • • 687/867
28/82 78/87
• 29/92 • 89/98
MMPI-II: 2 & 3 Point
Codes
• There are 90 possible 2 Point Code
combinations
• There are 720 possible 3 Point Code
combinations
• Your book does not list all possible
combinations for 3 Point Codes
• For class purposes – if your book does
not list a 2 or 3 point code use individual
scales
– For 3 point codes not listed – use a 2 point &
an individual scale
•12/21
•13/31 MMPI-II: Two-Point Code Types
•14/41
•18/81 • 12/21 (Hypochondriasis & Depression):
•19/91
– Somatic discomfort / Depression
•23/32
•24/42 • 13/31 (Hypochondriasis & Hysteria):
•26/62 – Somatic complaints without major psychiatric
•27/72
complaints interfering with functioning
•28/82
•29/92 – More prevalent in women & elderly
•34/43 • 14/41 (Hypochondriasis & Psychopathic Deviate):
•36/63
•38/83 – Severe somatic symptoms / extroverted
•46/64 – Pessimistic & grouchy & Alcohol use
•47/74
– More prevalent in men
•48/84
•49/94 • 18/81 (Hypochondriasis & Schizophrenia):
•68/86 – Hostility / Aggression but unable to express it
•69/96
•78/87 – Socially inadequate & lack trust
•89/98
•12/21
•13/31 MMPI-II: Two-Point Code Types
•14/41
•18/81 • 19/91 (Hypochondriasis & Hypomania):
•19/91 – Great deal of distress / anxious, somatic
•23/32 complaints
•24/42 – Aggressive / belligerent / great ambition
•26/62
– Frustrated by low achievements
•27/72
•28/82 • 23/32 (Depression & Hysteria):
•29/92 – Passive & Dependent
•34/43 – Depressed but without severe anxiety
•36/63
•38/83
– Difficulty expressing emotions
•46/64 • 24/42 (Depression & Psychopathic Deviate):
•47/74 – Trouble with family or law
•48/84 – Angry, resentful, critical, impulsive
•49/94
•68/86
– Drug & alcohol use & Suicide !!!!
•69/96 • 26/62 (Depression & Paranoia):
•78/87 – Paranoia & hostility & resentfulness
•89/98
– Lack energy, hopeless & some suicide!
•12/21
•13/31 MMPI-II: Two-Point Code Types
•14/41
•18/81 • 27/72 (Depression & Psychasthena):
•19/91 – Worry / high strung / anticipate problems
•23/32 – Clinical depression with high expectations
•24/42
•26/62 • 28/82 (Depression & Schizophrenia):
•27/72 – Anxious & Agitated & Dissociated
•28/82 – Poor concentration, sleep, memory
•29/92 – Basically dependent & ineffective
•34/43
•36/63
– If both are highly elevated = serious
•38/83
psychopathology
•46/64 • 29/92 (Depression & Hypomania):
•47/74 – Self centered / narcissistic
•48/84 – Tense & anxious w/ somatic complaints
•49/94
•68/86
– Bi-polar & periods of fatigue
•69/96 • 34/43 (Hysteria & Psychopathic Deviate):
•78/87 – ANGER & HOSTILITY!!!
•89/98
– Suicide & Acting Out!
•12/21
•13/31 MMPI-II: Two-Point Code Types
•14/41
•18/81 • 36/63 (Hysteria & Paranoia):
•19/91 – Deep hostility with family
•23/32
•24/42 – Minor anxiety / somatic problems
•26/62 – Defiant / uncooperative / narcissistic
•27/72
• 38/83 (Hysteria & Schizophrenia):
•28/82
•29/92 – Great psychological turmoil & anxiety & fear
•34/43 – Depression / hopelessness are common
•36/63
– Problems decision making / Apathetic &
•38/83
•46/64
pessimistic
•47/74 – Obsessive ruminations & delusions /
•48/84 hallucinations
•49/94
• 46/64 (Psychopathic Deviate & Paranoia):
•68/86
•69/96 – Immature / Narcissistic / Self-indulgent
•78/87 – Rationalize & blame others / no responsibility
•89/98
– Passive – aggressive personality / schizophrenia
•12/21
•13/31 MMPI-II: Two-Point Code Types
•14/41 • 47/74 (Psychopathic Deviate & Psychasthena):
•18/81
•19/91
– Swing from serious insensitivity to others –
•23/32 how they effect others
•24/42 – Acting out (drinking / sexual promiscuity)
•26/62 followed by guilt
•27/72 – Need constant reassurance & support
•28/82
•29/92
• 48/84 (Psychopathic Deviate & Schizophrenia):
•34/43 – Do not fit in their environment
•36/63 – Resent authority / deep feelings of insecurity
•38/83 – Erratic & unpredictable / impulse problems
•46/64
•47/74
– Possible bizarre symptomatology
•48/84 • 49/94 (Psychopathic Deviate & Hypomania):
•49/94 – Disregard for social standards / values
•68/86
– Narcissistic / selfish / self-indulgent
•69/96
•78/87 – Irritable / low tolerance
•89/98 – Energetic / restless / ambitious / superficial
•12/21
•13/31
MMPI-II: Two-Point Code Types
•14/41 • 68/86 (Paranoia & Schizophrenia):
•18/81 – Intense inferiority / insecurity
•19/91 – Distrust others / avoid deep relationships
•23/32
•24/42
– Blunted affect / rapid speech / incoherent
•26/62 • 69/96 (Paranoia & Hypomania):
•27/72 – Dependent / need for affection
•28/82
– Appear tearful / trembling
•29/92
•34/43 • 78/87 (Psychasthenia & Schizophrenia):
•36/63 – Great deal of turmoil / easily discuss their pain
•38/83 – Depressed & pessimistic / confused / panic
•46/64
•47/74
– Schizophrenia / Depression / OCD / personality
•48/84 disorders
•49/94 • 89/98 (Schizophrenia & Hypomania):
•68/86 – Self-centered / infantile / demanding
•69/96
•78/87
– Labile!!! / Fear emotional involvement
•89/98 – Bizarre speech & thinking
 123/213/231
132/312
138
MMPI-II:
139
247/274/472 Three-Point Code
278/728
468/486/648/684/846/864
478/487/748/784/847/874
Types
687/867

• 123/213/231 (Hypochondriasis & Depression & Hysteria):

– Somatoform disorder / anxiety disorder / depressive disorder
– Life is a strain / keep people at a distance
– Fatigued / low energy & sex drive
• 132/312 (Hypochondriasis & Depression & Hysteria):
– 1 & 3 are significantly higher than 2 the “conversion valley”
– Conversion symptoms – somatoform pain disorder
– Denial & repression / Approval is important / seek med. TX often
• 138 (Hypochondriasis & Hysteria & Schizophrenia):
– Schizophrenia (paranoid type) or paranoid personality disorder
– Bizarre somatic symptoms – delusional in nature
– Depression / suicide / thought disorder / alcohol / agitated
 123/213/231
132/312
138
MMPI-II:
139
247/274/472 Three-Point Code
278/728
468/486/648/684/846/864
478/487/748/784/847/874
Types
687/867

• 139 (Hypochondriasis & Hysteria & Hypomania):

– Somatoform disorder / organic brain syndrome
– Frequent outbursts of temper / irritation
• 247/274/472 (Depression & Psychopathic Deviate & Psychasthenia):
– Passive-aggressive personality disorder / alcohol & drugs
– Family problems / depressed & pessimistic / OCD
– Overreact to stress / hostile / fear of failing
• 278/728 (Depression & Psychopathic Deviate & Schizophrenia):
– Schizoid life styles / great life turmoil
– Tense / nervous / fearful / sad / pessimistic / despondent
– Variety of diagnoses – consult other subscales for diagnosis
 123/213/231
132/312
138
MMPI-II:
139
247/274/472 Three-Point Code
278/728
468/486/648/684/846/864
478/487/748/784/847/874
Types
687/867

• 468/486/648/684/846/864 (Psychopathic Deviate & Paranoia &

Schizophrenia):
– Anxious / Depressed / Agitated / Critical
– History of physical abuse / suicide / family problems
– Psychiatric hospitalizations
• 478/487/748/784/847/874 (Psychopathic Deviate &
Psychasthenia & Schizophrenia):
– Psychotic symptoms – delusions / hallucinations / poor
reality
– Depression / suicide / anxiety / agitation
• 687/867 (Paranoia & Schizophrenia & Psychasthenia):
– 6 & 8 much more elevated than 7 – the “psychotic valley”
– Serious psychopathology – schizophrenia (paranoid type)
– Hallucinations / delusions / blunted affect / aggressive when
drinking
 Content Scales
• Wiggings developed this scale in 1966
• He suggested that how an individual chooses to present
himself or herself when responding to the mmpi items,
whatever the reasoning or motivation, provide useful
information that might argument what can be learned from
scores on the clinical scales.
The descriptors are based on the scale content and
empirical.
They apply of content scale score if greater than than 64.
MMPI-II: Content
Scales
• ANX: • ASP:
– Anxiety – Antisocial Practices
• FRS: • TPA:
– Fears
– Type A Behavior
• OBS:
• LSE:
– Obsessiveness
– Low Self-Esteem
• DEP:
– Depression • SOD:
• HEA: – Social Discomfort
– Health Concerns • FAM:
• BIZ: – Family Problems
– Bizarre Mentation • WRK:
• ANG: – Work Interference
– Anger • TRT:
• CYN: – Negative Treatment
– Cynicism Indicators
 MMPI-II: Content Scales

AN
ANX (Anxiety) FRS (Fears)
X • Anxious / • Fearful
FRS
Nervous
OBS • Uneasy
DEP • Poor
HEA • Phobias
concentration
BIZ • Multiple fears
ANG • Uneasy decision
CYN making • Not very
ASP
• OCD symptoms competitive
TPA
LSE • May have
SOD
suicidal ideation
FAM
WR • Hopeless /
K
Overwhelmed
TRT
• Insecure / low
 MMPI-II: Content Scales
OBS (Obsessiveness) DEP
ANX
(Depression)
FRS • Difficulty • Depressed / blue
OB decision making
S • Fatigued /
DEP • Rigid / not like lethargic
HEA change • Pessimistic
BIZ
ANG • Worry / ruminate • Cry
CYN • Low self- • Past suicide
ASP
TPA confidence attempts
LSE • OCD symptoms • Health concerns
SOD
FAM • Hopeless • Relationship
WR • Low interest in problems
K
TRT things • Life is a strain
 MMPI-II: Content Scales
HEA (Health Concerns) BIZ (Bizarre
ANX
Mentation)
FRS • Deny good • Psychotic thoughts
OBS physical health • Unusual thought
DEP content
HE • Preoccupied with
A • Feeling in unreality
physical health
BIZ • Paranoia?
ANG • Lethargic • “People reading my
CYN • Poor coping Mind”
ASP
TPA skills • History of suicide
LSE • Depressive attempts
SOD • Past sexual abuse?
symptoms
FAM • Poor achievement
WR • Somatic
K
symptoms in
TRT
times of stress
 MMPI-II: Content Scales

ANX
ANG (Anger) CYN (Cynicism)
FRS • Angry / Hostile • Dishonest,
OBS uncaring
DEP
• Irritable,
HEA impatient • Suspicious
BIZ • Aggressive / • Untrusting
AN
G Impulsive • Not friendly /
CY • Swearing / helpful
N
ASP smashing things • Low achievement
TPA • Loss of control
LSE
• Paranoia?
SOD • Feelings of • Physical abuse?
FAM unfair TX
WR
K • Physically
TRT abused?
 MMPI-II: Content Scales

ANX
ASP (Antisocial Practices) TPA (Type A)
FRS • Trouble w/ & • Work oriented
OBS disregard for law or • Fast paced
DEP school • Never enough time
HEA • Enjoy criminals
BIZ • Impatient
ANG • Resent authority • Hostile / irritable
CYN • Manipulative / Cold • Overbearing
ASP hearted
TPA • Hold grudges
• Self-centered
LSE • Paranoia?
SOD • Dishonest /
FAM Antisocial
WR • Aggressive / angry /
K
Impulsive
TRT
 MMPI-II: Content Scales
LSE (Low Self-Esteem) SOD (Social
ANX
Discomfort)
FRS • Poor self- • Shy / introverted
OBS concepts
DEP
• Limited interests
HEA • Anticipate failure • Feeling awkward
BIZ • Feeling inept • Preoccupied with
ANG
CYN • See others as health
ASP superior • Overly sensitive
TPA
LSE • Passive in • Emotionally
SO relationships withdrawn
D
FAM • Worries / fears • Depressive
WR • Uncomfortable Disorder?
K
TRT with
compliments
 MMPI-II: Content Scales
FAM (Family Problems) WRK (Work
ANX
Interference)
FRS • Problems w/ • Poor work
OBS family performance
DEP
HEA • Family lacks love • Questioning own
BIZ • Rejects family career
ANG
CYN • Angry toward • Others
ASP family disapproved of
TPA
• Raw deal from their career
LSE
SOD life • Insecure / failures
FAM
• Physically • Low achievement
WRK
TRT abused? • Lethargic / sad
• Depressed • Suicidal ideation
 MMPI-II: Content Scales

ANX
TRT (Negative Treatment Indicators)
FRS • Do not like clinicians
OBS
DEP
• Terminate TX early
HEA • No one can
BIZ
understand
ANG
CYN • Do not want to
ASP disclose
TPA
LSE • Experience intense
SOD emotional distress
FAM
• Do not like change
WR
K • Low energy /
TRT
insecure
 Content Component Scales
• The Content Scales are further broken down & described
in the Content Component Scales. There are a total of 27
Content Component Scales that Correspond with the
Content Scales. ANX, OBS, & WRK do not have any
Component Scales
• Developed by Ben porah and Sher-wood in 1993
• Interpreted only the score more than 64 and parent content
scale T score 60 or greater.
 Content Component Scales
Scores
• FRS 1 (Generalized Fearfulness):
– Report a general pattern of fearfulness
and timidity
– Generally nervous
• FRS 2 (Multiple Fears):
– Many specific fearful stimuli such as
animals, heights, etc.
– Many specific phobias
 Content Component Scales
Scores
• DEP 1 (Lack of Drive):
– Unable to get going and get things done
– Lack of interest in things
• DEP 2 (Dysphoria):
– Depressed, sad, blue & difficulty overcoming
depressed feelings
• DEP 3 (Self-Depreciation):
– Negative self-concept & Feels useless,
helpless, guilty, or worthless
• DEP 4 (Suicidal Ideation):
– Current or recent suicidal ideation & gestures
 Content Component Scales
Scores
• HEA 1 (Gastrointestinal Symptoms):
– Reports many gastrointestinal problems
• HEA 2 (neurological symptoms):
– Reports many neurological problems
• HEA 3 (general health concerns):
– Preoccupied with physical health concerns
– Believe they are experiencing poor health
 Content Component Scales
Scores

• BIZ 1 (Psychotic Symptomatology):

– A number of frankly psychotic
symptoms
– Hallucinations & delusions
• BIZ 2 (schizotypal characteristics):
– Strange and peculiar experiences
– Ideas of reference & paranoid ideation
 Content Component Scales Scores

• ANG 1 (Explosive Behavior):

– Explosive behaviors such as
hitting and smashing things
– Frequent temper tantrums
• ANG 2 (Irritability):
– Irritable and grouchy
– Complain a great deal
– Impatient & easily annoyed
 Content Component Scales
Scores
• CYN 1 (Misanthropic Beliefs):
– Believes others are selfish and
interested only in their own welfare
– Are unwilling to rely on others for help
& support or to help others
• CYN 2 (Interpersonal
Suspiciousness):
– Believe others are not to be trusted
– Report paranoid ideation
 Content Component Scales
Scores

• ASP 1 (Antisocial Attitudes):

– Antisocial beliefs and attitudes
– Little respect for the law or authority
• ASP 2 (Antisocial Behavior):
– Report engaging in antisocial
behaviors
– May have been in trouble with law &
or engage in substance abuse
 Content Component Scales
Scores

• TPA 1 (Impatience):
– Impatient with others especially at work
– Easily annoyed
– Do not like to be interrupted
• TPA 2 (Competitive Drive):
– Very competitive
– Driven to succeed at all costs
– May be viewed by others as hostile
 Content Component Scales
Scores
• LSE 1 (Self-Doubt):
– Poor self-concepts
– Believe others do not like them
– Are viewed by others as putting selves
down
• LSE 2 (Submissiveness):
– Give to others
– Are readily downed in an argument
– Passive in relationships
– Turn to others for help in decision making
 Content Component Scales
Scores

• SOD 1 (Introversion):
– Dislike being around others
– Kept others at a distance
• SOD 2 (Shyness):
– Uncomfortable in interpersonal
relationships
– Find it difficult to interact with new
people
 Content Component Scales
Scores
• FAM 1 (Family Discord):
– Experiences significant family conflict and
strife
– Get into frequent arguments with family
members
• FAM 2 (Family Alienation):
– Feeling alienated from family
– Do not perceive family as source of support
– Do not have strong emotional ties with
family members
 Content Component Scales
Scores
• TRT 1 (Low Motivation):
– Feel unmotivated or unable to change
– May be viewed as having given up on
solving problems
– Lack self-confidence
• TRT 2 (Inability to Disclose):
– Feel unable to open up to others
– Are uncomfortable discussing personal
matters
– Believes others cannot understand
 Supplementary Scales
• The supplementary scales are
intended to add the interpretation
of validity and clinical scale
• The T score 65 or greater should
be considered high and below 40
should be considered low
MMPI-II: Supplementary
Scales
• A: Anxiety (T>64)
– Anxious and uncomfortable
– Depressed and have somatic
complaints
• R: Repression (T>64)
– Introverted, internalizing
individuals who have adopted
careful and cautious life-styles
 MMPI-II: Supplementary
Scales
• Es: Ego Strength (T>64)
– Appear to be fairly well put together
emotionally. In non-clinical populations: not
likely to have serious emotional problems.
• LOW SCORES – more severe problems that are less
likely to be situational in nature
• Es: Ego Strength (T = 40-64)
– No interpretation
• Es: Ego Strength (T <40)
– Poor overall insight
– Poor prognosis for treatment
– Limited psychological resources for dealing
with problems
 MMPI-II: Supplementary
Scales
• MAC-R: MacAndrew Alcoholism-Revised
(Raw>28)
– Socially extroverted, exhibitionistic, self-confident and
assertive
– Aggressive, may have problems in school or law
– Competitive, risk taking, experience blackouts
– May be more likely to have made previous suicide
attempts
• MAC-R: MacAndrew Alcoholism-Revised
(Raw = 24-27)
– May suggest substance abuse problems
• MAC-R: MacAndrew Alcoholism-Revised
(Raw < 24)
– Substance abuse problems less likely
 MMPI-II: Supplementary
Scales
• AAS: Addiction Acknowledgement
Scale (T>60)
– May have diagnoses of substance abuse or
dependence
– Have histories of acting out behaviors
– May have suicide attempts
• APS: Addiction Potential Scale (T>60)
– The precursor to the symptoms found on AAS
– Possible substance abuse problems
– Antisocial behavior?
 MMPI-II: Supplementary
Scales
• MDS: Marital Distress Scale (T>64)
– Experiencing depression and may have suicidal
ideation
– Anger, sadness, have few friends
• Ho: Hostility (T>64)
– High levels of anger, not friendly, increased risk
of serious health problems
– Cynical, suspicious, hostile
• O-H: Overcontrolled – Hostility (T>64)
– Tend not to express anger, have strong needs to
excel, describe supportive family backgrounds
– Trustful, dependent on others
 MMPI-II: Supplementary
Scales
• Do: Dominance (T>64)
– Appear poised and self assured, secure and
self-confident
– Resourceful, efficient, realistic achievement
oriented
– Feel adequate to handle problems
• Re: Social Responsibility (T>64)
– Have incorporated societal and cultural values
and are committed to behaving in a manner
consistent with those values – they place high
value on honesty and justice.
• Mt: College Maladjustment (T>64)
– Suggest general maladjustment and pessimism
– Procrastinates & anxious
 MMPI-II: Supplementary
Scales
• GM: Masculine Gender Role & GF:
Feminine Gender Role
– The higher the score the more traditional
gender roles are displayed
– The higher the score the more positive
(confident, free from worries)
– Also, the higher the score the more likely
there is a drug or alcohol issue
• PK: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
– Are reporting intense emotional distress,
enxiety and sleep disturbances
– May be having unwanted or disturbing
thoughts
MMPI-II: The Personality
Psychopathology Five (PSY-5
Scales)
• Developed from
theories of
personality
disorders and
“normal” personality
• The PSY-5 constructs
cover 5 broad
personality domains
that are relevant to
clinical planning,
communication, and
intervention.
 MMPI-II: The Personality
Psychopathology Five (PSY-5
Scales)
• AGGR (Aggressiveness) (T >= 64)
– Enjoy intimidating others and may use
aggression as a tool to accomplish their
goals
– Dominant in relationships
• PSYC (Psychoticism) (T >= 64)
– This assesses the disconnection from reality
• DISC (Disconstraint) (T >= 64)
– Tend to be more risk taking, impulsive, and
less traditional
– Slight tendency to prefer romantic partners
who have the same features
 MMPI-II: The Personality
Psychopathology Five (PSY-5
Scales)
• NEGE (Negative Emotionality Neuroticism) (T >= 64)
– DX with depression or dysthymia at intake
– Low functioning with few friends – focus on their
flaws
• INTR (Introversion / Low Positive emotionality) (T >=
64)
– Increased rates of depression and low achievement
expectations
– Low score less than 40 T shows extroverted and high
positive emotional pattern
 MMPI-II: Harris-Lingoes
Subscales
• The Harris – Lingoes Subscales are meant to give a better
understanding of basic clinical scales.
• Developed by Harris – Lingoes
• The Harris Lingoes Subscales provides information
concerning the kinds of items that were endorsed in the
scored direction in obtaining a particular score on a
clinical (basic) scale.
• It is only used to understand high elevations.
• The subscales should be interpreted only when T score
grater than 64 and also parent scale T score greater than
64
• Harris & Lingoes did not develop subscales for 5 & 0. This
was done in accordance to research that does not consider
scales 5 and 0 as true clinical scales.
 MMPI-II: Harris-Lingoes
Subscales
• D 1: Subjective Depression
– Feeling unhappy, blue, or depressed
– Lack self confidence
• D 2: Psychomotor Retardation
– Feeling immobilized / withdrawn
– Avoid other people
• D 3: Physical Malfunctioning
– Preoccupied with their own physical functioning
– Do not have good health
• D 4: Mental Dullness
– Lack of energy to cope with the problems of life
– Feel inferior to others
• D 5: Brooding
– Brood, ruminate, cry much of the time
– Easily hurt by criticism
 MMPI-II: Harris-Lingoes
Subscales
• Hy 1: Denial of Social Anxiety
– A T greater than 65 is not possible – Not helpful in
understanding high scores
• Hy 2: Need for Affection
– Have strong needs for attention & affection from others and
fear that those needs will not be met if they are more honest
about their feelings & attitudes
– Have optimistic and trusting attitudes toward other people
• Hy 3: Lassitude – Malaise
– Feeling uncomfortable and are not in good health
– Feel weak, fatigued
• Hy 4: Somatic Complaints
– Have many somatic complaints
– Experience pain in the hear or chest
– Express little or no hostility toward other people
• Hy 5: Inhibition of Aggression
– Do not experience hostile and aggressive impulses
– Are not interested in reading about crime or violence
 MMPI-II: Harris-Lingoes
Subscales
• Pd 1: Familial Discord
– See their home and family life as quite unpleasant
– Have felt like leaving their home situations
• Pd 2: Authority Problems
– Resent societal and parental standards and customs
– Have been in trouble in school or with the law
• Pd 3: Social Imperturbability
– A T greater than 65 is not possible – Not helpful in
understanding high scores
• Pd 4: Social Alienation
– Feels alienated, isolated, etc.
– Feels that other people do not understand them
• Pd 5: Self Alienation
– Feeling uncomfortable and unhappy
– Have problems concentrating
– Find it hard to settle down
– May use alcohol excessively.
 MMPI-II: Harris-Lingoes
Subscales
• Pa 1: Persecutory Ideas
– View the world as a threatening place
– Feel that they are getting a raw deal from life
– Are suspicious and untrusting of other people
• Pa 2: Poignancy
– Are more high strung and more sensitive than
other people
– Feel more intensely than others
• Pa 3: Naivete
– Have very optimistic attitudes about other
people
– Are tursting and see others as honest, unselfish,
generous, and altruistic
 MMPI-II: Harris-Lingoes
Subscales
• Sc 1: Social Alienation
– Getting a raw deal from life
– Others have it in for me or are against me
• Sc 2: Emotional Alienation
– Experience feelings of depression and despair
and may wish that they are dead
– Apathetic and frightened or have sadistic &/or
masochistic needs
• Sc 3: Lack of Ego Mastery (Cognitive)
– Feeling that they might be losing their minds
– Have strange thought processes and feelings
of unreality or have problems with
concentration & memory
 MMPI-II: Harris-Lingoes
Subscales
• Sc 4: Lack of Ego Mastery (Conative)
– Feel that life is a strain and that they experience
depression and despair
– Have difficulty in coping with everyday problems and
worry excessively
• Sc 5: Lack of Ego Mastery (Defective Inhibition)
– Tend to be restless, hyperactive, and irritable
– Have periods of laughing and crying that they cannot
control
• Sc 6: Bizarre Sensory Experiences
– Experience feelings that their bodies are changing in
strange and unusual ways
– Experience skin sensitivity, feeling hot or cold, voice
changes, muscle twitching, clumsiness, problems in
balance, ringing or buzzing in the ears, paralysis, and
weakness
 MMPI-II: Harris-Lingoes
Subscales
• Ma 1: Amorality
– Perceive others as selfish, dishonest, and opportunistic
because of these perceptions feel justified in behaving in
similar ways
– Derive vicarious satisfaction from the manipulative
exploits of others
• Ma 2: Psychomotor Retardation
– Experience acceleration of speech, thought processes,
and motor activity
– Feel tense and restless or excited or elated without cause
• Ma 3: Imperturbability
– Do not experience social anxiety
– Feel comfortable around others
– Have no problem in talking with other
• Ma 4: Ego Inflation
– Are important persons
– Have been treated unfairly
– Are resentful when others make demands of them
 MMPI-II: Other
Subscales

Ben-Porath, Hostetler, Butcher, &

Graham Subscales
• Si 1:
– Shyness / Self-Consciousness
• Si 2:
– Social Avoidance
• Si 3:
– Self / Other Alienation
 MMPI-II: Other
Subscales
• Si 1: Shyness / Self-Consciousness
– High Scores: feeling shy, anxious, uncomfortable, easily
embarrassed
– Low Scores: extroverted, initiate social contact with other
people
• Si 2: Social Avoidance
– High Scores: do not enjoy being involved with groups or
crowds or people
– Low Scores: enjoy being involved with groups or crowds
• Si 3: Self / Other Alienation
– High Scores: low self-esteem, lack interest in activities,
feel unable to effect changes in their life, insecure
– Low Scores: have high self-esteem, appear to be
interested in activities
Critical Item Analysis
• Suicide
– 75 False, 303 True, 506 True,
520 True, 524 True
• Assault
– 27 True, 37 True, 85 True,
134 True, 213 True, 389 True
Thank you….

All the best…