REASON
ING
4th QUARTER
LESSON 1
By Flora May Sayson
RIDDLE TIME
" If you see that
every time you
study, you get high
grades, can you
conclude that
studying always
leads to good
grades?"
REASONING
Reasoning concerns the
cognitive processes by which
people draw conclusions from the
meaningful pieces of information
that they comprehend or observe.
The action of thinking about
something in a logical, sensible
way.
REASON
ING
4th QUARTER
LESSON 1
By Flora May Sayson
TWO MAIN TYPES OF
REASONING:
INDUCTIVE AND
DEDUCTIVE
In d u c t i
s onin
ve R ea
g
Inductive reasoning is a method of logical
thinking that combines observations with
experiential information to reach a
conclusion. Inductive reasoning moves from
specific observations to general conclusions.
Deductive Reasoning (General to
Specific)
Example:
All fruits have seeds.
An apple is a fruit.
An apple has seeds.
General Statement: All fruits have seeds.
Specific Conclusion: An apple has seeds.
DEDUCTI
VE
REASONI
Deductive reasoning is a type of
N G
deduction used in science and in life.
It is when you take two true
statements, or premises, to form a
conclusion. Deductive reasoning
moves from general statements to
Deductive Reasoning (General to Specific)
Example:
All humans need oxygen to survive.
Maria is a human.
Conclusion: Maria needs oxygen to
survive.
This reasoning starts with a general statement
(all humans need oxygen) and applies it to a
specific case (Maria).
OTHER T Y P E S O F
RE A S O N I N G
Abductive reasoning is when you take a set
of observations and use a theory to explain
them. This is very similar to how doctors
work on patients by taking symptoms to
make a diagnosis.
OTHER T Y P E S O F
RE A S O N I N G
Backward induction looks at the end result
and considers the different decisions that
lead to that conclusion. It’s used by artificial
intelligence to win games.
OTHER T Y P E S O F
RE A S O N I N G
Critical thinking uses analysis and
evidence to make an informed decision.
It’s used daily to make decisions and to
analyze decisions in science, literature, etc
Author’s
Reasoning
a t i s
W h r ’ s
t h o
Au onin
Re a s Reasoning, in which
g? the author presents
a logical explanation
of the argument.
Evidence, in which
the author presents
statistics, facts, and
studies to prove his
point.
Author’s Author’s
Purpose Assumptio
n
The Key Most
Important
Questions
Author’s Inference
REASONI
s/Conclus
Most
ions
Important
Author’s
Information
Most
NG
Focusing on...
Point of
View
Fundament Implication
al s
INDUCTIVE
OR
DEDUCTIVE?
INDUCTIVE
OR
DEDUCTIVE
?
1. All birds have feathers. All
robins are birds. Therefore, robins
have feathers
ANSWER
DEDUCTIVE REASONING :)
INDUCTIVE
OR
DEDUCTIVE
?
2. The first lipstick I pulled from my bag
is red. The second lipstick I pulled from
my bag is red. Therefore, all the
lipsticks in my bag are red.
ANSWER
INDUCTIVE REASONING :)
INDUCTIVE
OR
DEDUCTIVE
?
My mother is Irish. She has blond hair.
Therefore, everyone from Ireland has
blond hair.
ANSWER
INDUCTIVE REASONING :)
INDUCTIVE
OR
DEDUCTIVE
?
Cacti are plants, and all plants perform
photosynthesis. Therefore, cacti
perform photosynthesis.
ANSWER
DEDUCTIVE REASONING :)
THANK
YOU!
