Probability

COMPOUND
of
EVENTS
Probability of the Complement o
an Event
 Probability of the Complement o
an Event
𝑷 ( 𝑬 ) =𝟏 − 𝑷 ( 𝑬 )
′

1. A pair of dice are rolled. What is the

probability of not rolling doubles?
n(E)
E) = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (5,5), =6
(6,6)}
=
P(doubles) = = = P(not doubles) =
 Probability of the Complement o
an Event
𝑷 ( 𝑬 ) =𝟏 − 𝑷 ( 𝑬 )
′

2. PAGASA forecasted that the

probability of rainfall for the next day is
30%. What
The probability is the
that probability
it will rain (R)that it will or 0.
is 30%
not rain?
The probability that it will not rain (R’) is:
P(R’) = 1 –P(R’)
P(R) = 1 – 0.30
= 0. 70
or 70%
Probability of Mutually Exclusive
Events
𝑷 ( 𝑨∪ 𝑩 ) =𝑷 ( 𝑨 ) +𝑷 ( 𝑩)
𝟏
¿ you
Even The probability of rolling a “5” when
𝟔
tA throw a die 𝟏
¿ you
Even The probability of rolling a “6” when
𝟔
tB throw a die
P(rolling a 5 or rolling a 6) =
P(rolling a 5) + P(rolling a 6)
P(rolling a 5 or rolling=a 6)
+ = =
 Probability of Mutually Exclusive
Events
𝑷 ( 𝑨∪ 𝑩 ) =𝑷 ( 𝑨 ) +𝑷 ( 𝑩)
A die is rolled once. What is the
probability of getting an even number
ornumber
Let A = event of getting an even a 5?
Let B = event of getting 5 P(A B) = +

S = {1, 2, 3,n(S)
4, = P(A B) = +
5,
A= 6} 6
{2, 4, 6}
n(A) =3
P(A B) = or
B = {5} n(B) =
1
Probability of Mutually Exclusive
Events
𝑷 ( 𝑨∪ 𝑩 ) =𝑷 ( 𝑨 ) +𝑷 ( 𝑩)
A box contains 4 red balls, 5 green
balls, and 3 blue balls. Petra draws one
ball at random. What is the probability
that the ballP(red
is either
or green)green
= + or red?
P(red or green) = +

P(red or green) = or
 Probability of Inclusive Events
𝑷 ( 𝑨∪ 𝑩) =𝑷 ( 𝑨 ) +𝑷 ( 𝑩 ) − 𝑷 ( 𝑨∩ 𝑩)
A die is rolled once. What is the
probability of getting an even number
Let A = event ofor a number
getting greater than 2?
an even number
Let B = event of getting a number greater than 2
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) -
S = {1, 2, 3, n(S)
4, =
= + -
5, =
A 6}{2, 4, 6}n(A)
6 =3
B = {3, 4, 5,n(B)
6} = = + - =
𝐀 ∩ 𝐁= { 𝟒 , 𝟔𝒏(
} 4𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 )=𝟐
 A card is drawn at random from a deck of 52
playing cards. Find the probability that the
a. card drawn
an ace or a is:
king b. a king or a diamond
Let A represents selecting an aceLet A represents selecting a king
Let B represents selecting a king Let B represents selecting a diamond

nd B are mutually exclusive

A andevents
B are NOT mutually exclusive even

𝑃 ( 𝐴∪ 𝐵 ) =𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) +𝑃 (𝐵)P ( B ∪ C ) = P ( B) + P ( C ) − 𝑃 ( 𝐵∩
= + = + -

= or = or
Probability of Independent Ev
𝑷 ( 𝑨∩ 𝑩 ) =𝑷 ( 𝑨 ) ∙ 𝑷 ( 𝑩 )
Two events A and B are independent if
the occurrence of Event A does not
affect the occurrence of event B.
 Probability of Independent Even
𝑷 ( 𝑨∩ 𝑩 ) =𝑷 ( 𝑨 ) ∙ 𝑷 ( 𝑩 )
A coin is tossed and die is rolled. Find the
probability of landing on the head side of
Let C₁ = eventthe coinon
of landing and rolling
the head sideaof6 on
the the die.
coin
Let D₁ = event of rolling a 6 on the die
C = {H, T} n(C) = 2
P(C₁ ) = P(C₁) P(D₁)

C₁ = {H} n(C₁ ) = 1 =
n(D)
D = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} = 6
= =
D₁ = {6} n(D₁ ) = 1
 Probability of Independent Even
𝑷 ( 𝑨∩ 𝑩 ) =𝑷 ( 𝑨 ) ∙ 𝑷 ( 𝑩 )
A die is tossed twice. Find the probability
of getting a 2 or 3 on the first toss and a
4, 5, or
Let A = event of getting a 26
oron
3 onthe second
the first toss toss.
et B = event of getting 4, 5, or 6 on the second toss
P(A ) = P(A) P(B)
P(A) = P(2 or 3) = = =

P(B) = P(4, 5, or 6) = = = =
Probability of Dependent Even
𝑷 ( 𝑨∩ 𝑩) =𝑷 ( 𝑨 ) ∙ 𝑷 ( 𝑩∨ 𝑨 )
Two events A and B are dependent if the
outcome of the first event A affects the
outcome of the second event B
Probability of Dependent Events
𝑃 ( 𝐴∩ 𝐵 ) =𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) ∙ 𝑃 ( 𝐵∨ 𝐴)
Event A is drawing a King first,
and Event B is drawing a King second.
What
For is the
the first card probability
the chance of of getting 2 kings?
drawing a King=is 4 out of 52 P(A B) = P(A) P(B|A)
P(A)
=
Event B – after removing a King,
the probability of the 2nd card = =
draw is only 3 out of 51.
P(B|A) =
Probability of Dependent Events
𝑃 ( 𝐴∩ 𝐵 ) =𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) ∙ 𝑃 ( 𝐵∨ 𝐴)
A card is chosen at random from a standard deck
of 52 playing cards. Without replacing it, a second
card is chosen. What is the probability that the
first card chosen is a queen andP(A the second card
B) = P(A) P(B|A)
chosen
P(queen of first = = is
pick) a jack?
P(A)
=
P(jack on 2nd pick given queen =
on 1st pick) = P(B) = =
 Independent Probability VS
Dependent Probability
Rolling a 5 on consecutive turns inIndependent
a game
Event
Drawing a card from a deck of cards,
Independent
returning it, and drawing another card
Event
Drawing a card from a deck of cards and
Dependent
drawing a second card.
Event
Conditional Probability

“Probability of B given A or Event B”

Conditional Probability
An action research shows that 25% of the CSC Test
Takers failed the test on the first try and failed
again on the second. Of the takers, 40% failed the
test on the first try. What percent 𝑷of( 𝑩∨ those 𝑷 ( 𝑨∩ 𝑩 )
𝑨 ) = who
Let A =the
failed eventfirst
that test
CSC Test
alsotakers failedthe
failed 𝑷 ( 𝑨)
the second test?
testBon
Let =the firstthat
event try CSC Test takers failed the 25%
¿
test
(A B)on=the second
event that try
CSC test takers 40 %
failed the test on the first try and or 0.625
failed again on the second try
Conditional Probability

The probability that Erwin studies and passes

his math test is 0.45. If the probability that
he studies is 0.80, what is the probability
that he passes that math test, 𝑷 ( 𝑨∩ 𝑩 ) that he
given
𝑷 ( 𝑩∨ 𝑨 ) =
P(studies and passes math) = 0.45 𝑷 ( 𝑨)
P(studies) = 0.80
has studied? 0.45
¿
0.8 0
0.5625 or 56.25%