RECAPITULATION
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
DISCUSSANT:
MS. KIMBERLY FRAGATA
OBJECTIVES:
Define Research Methodology
Explain the four types of
research design
Identify the Quantitative
Analysis Tool
What is RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY?
is a structured and scientific approach
used to collect, analyze, and interpret
quantitative or qualitative data to answer
research questions or test hypotheses.
is like a plan for carrying out research and
helps keep researchers on track by limiting
the scope of the research. Several aspects
must be considered before selecting an
appropriate research methodology, such
as research limitations and ethical
concerns that may affect your research.
What is RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY?
describes the techniques and procedures used
to identify and analyze information regarding a
specific research topic.
It is a process by which researchers design their
study so that they can achieve their objectives
using the selected research instruments.
It includes all the important aspects of research,
including research design, data collection
methods, data analysis methods, and the overall
framework within which the research is
conducted.
WHAT ARE THE
FOUR TYPES OF
RESEARCH DESIGN?
FOUR TYPES OF
RESEARCH DESIGN
1)Descriptive
2)Correlational
3)Causal
Comparative/Quasi-
Experimental
4)Experimental
1) DESCRIPTIVE
aims to accurately and
systematically describe a
population, situation or
phenomenon.
It can answer what,
where, when and how
questions, but not why
questions.
When to use a descriptive
research design?
Descriptive research is an
appropriate choice when
the research aim is to
identify characteristics,
frequencies, trends, and
categories.
Descriptive
research
methods
1)Surveys
2)Observations
3)Case Studies
Descriptive
research
methods
1)Surveys
Survey research allows the
researcher to gather large volumes
of data that can be analyzed for
frequencies, averages and patterns.
Common uses
of surveys
include:
Describing the demographics of a country or
region
Gauging public opinion on political and social
topics
Evaluating satisfaction with a company’s products
or an organization’s services.
Descriptive research
methods
2) Observations
Observations allow the
researcher to gather data on
behaviors and phenomena
without having to rely on the
honesty and accuracy of
respondents.
Descriptive research
methods
2) Observations
This method is often used
by psychological, social
and market researchers to
understand how people act
in real- life situations.
Descriptive research
methods
3) Case Studies
A case study can be used to
describe the characteristics of
a specific subject (such as a
person, group, event or
organization).
Descriptive research
methods
3) Case Studies
Instead of gathering a large volume
of data to identify patterns across
time or location, case studies
gather detailed data to identify the
characteristics of a narrowly defined
subject.
2. Correlational
research design
measures a relationship
between two variables
without the researcher
controlling either of them.
2. Correlational
research design
It aims to find out whether there is either:
Positive correlation: Both variables change
in the same direction
Zero correlation: There is no relationship
between the variables
Negative correlation: The variables change
in opposite directions
When to use
Correlational
research design?
Two main situations where you
might choose to do correlational
research.
When to use
Correlational
research design?
1. You want to find out if there is a
relationship between two variables,
but you don’t expect to find a causal
relationship between them.
When to use
Correlational
research design?
2. You think there is a causal relationship
between two variables, but it is impractical or
unethical to conduct experimental research
that manipulates one of the variables.
How to do correlational
research?
Different methods used in
correlational research.
To test the hypothesis, you will
statistically analyze quantitative
data.
Co-relations can be strong or
weak.
How to do correlational
research?
The most common data collection
methods for this type of research
include:
a) surveys
b) observations
c) secondary data
SURVEY
Can be conducted via online, by
mail, by phone, or in person.
Quick and flexible
Responses may not always be
honest or accurate
OBSERVATIONS
This is a type of field research,
where data gathered about a
behavior or phenomenon in its
natural environment without
intervening.
OBSERVATIONS
This method often involves
recording, counting,
describing and categorizing
actions and events.
OBSERVATIONS
Naturalistic observation can
include both qualitative and
quantitative elements, but to
find correlation, data should
be analyzed quantitatively
(e.g. frequencies, durations,
scales and amounts).
OBSERVATIONS
Eliminates researcher
influence and respondent
inaccuracy that might affect
the variables
Can be time-consuming and
unpredictable
SECONDARY DATA
Instead of collecting original
data, data that has already
been collected for a different
purpose, such as official
records, polls, or previous
studies.
SECONDARY DATA
Allows access to large
amounts of data to observe
changes over time or space
The data may be unreliable
or incomplete
3. A causal-
comparative design
is a research design that seeks to
find relationships between
independent and dependent
variables after an action or event
has already occurred.
A causal-comparative
design
The researcher's goal is to determine
whether the independent variable
affected the outcome, or dependent
variable, by comparing two or more
groups of individuals.
4. Experimental
research design
is a scientific approach to
research, where one or more
independent variables are
manipulated and applied to one
or more dependent variables to
measure their effect on the
latter.
4. Experimental
research design
The effect of the independent
variables on the dependent
variables is usually observed and
recorded over some time, to aid
researchers in drawing a reasonable
conclusion regarding the relationship
between these 2 variable types.
Historical
research design
is a qualitative
technique.
Historical
research design
Historical research studies the
meaning of past events in an
attempt to interpret the facts and
explain the cause of events, and
their effect in the present events.
Historical
research design
Describing and examining
past events to better
understand the present
and to anticipate potential
effects on the future.
Case study
research design
usually involves qualitative
methods, but quantitative
methods are sometimes also
used.
Case study
research design
Case studies are good for
describing, comparing,
evaluating and understanding
different aspects of a research
problem.
Case study
research design
Focus on Why, how
not just what
Selecting the
Quantitative Analysis
Tool
1. Frequency Count
Used to describe the
respondents or responses in
term of quantity.
This is a descriptive statistical
tool.
1. Frequency Count
2. Arithmetic Mean
the average.
This enables the researcher to
arrive at a single value that will
describe the responses or
respondents in totality. This is a
descriptive statistical tool.
2. Arithmetic Mean
3. Weighted Mean
A weighted average (weighted
mean or scaled average) is used
when we consider some data values
to be more important than other
values and so we want them to
contribute more to the final
"average".
3. Weighted Mean
4. Percentage
useful method of expressing
the relative frequency of survey
responses and other data.
5. Z – test/T –test
a statistical test used to
determine whether two
population means are different
when the variances are known.
5. Z – test/T –test
5. Z – test/T –test
t-test is used when sample size
is small (n<50) and population
variance is unknown.
5. Z – test/T –test
6. F-test (ANOVA)
is a statistical technique that is
used to check if the means of
two or more groups are
significantly different from each
other.
6. F-test (ANOVA)
ANOVA checks the impact of one or
more factors by comparing the
means of different samples.
In conclusion it is necessary to use
the ANOVA when the design of a
study has more than 2 condition to
compare.
7. Chi-square test
Used to test the statistical
independence; or association
between two or more categorical
variables.
Used to test the dependency of
variables.
8. Correlation r
This statistical tool is used the
existing relationship between the
variables.
Thank you for
Listening!!
