Problem Solving

Using C
CSA1001
 Module-2

Control
Statements
in C
 Introduction to C programming
• Operators
• Expressions
• Precedence of Operators
• Associativity
• Expression Evaluation
• Type Casting
• Conditional Statement
• Unconditional Statement
• Looping Statements
• Switch
 Operators
• Symbols used to perform some operations on operands

• Arithmetic operators
• Relational operators
 Operator Name Description Example

+ Addition Adds together two values x+y

Arithmetic Operators
- Subtraction Subtracts one value from another x-y

* Multiplication Multiplies two values x*y

• used to perform arithmetic
operations on operands. / Division Divides one value by another x/y

% Modulus Returns the division remainder x%y

++ Increment Increases the value of a variable by 1 ++x

-- Decrement Decreases the value of a variable by --x

1
 Operator Name Example Description

== Equal to x == y Returns 1 if the values are equal

Relational Operators
!= Not equal x != y Returns 1 if the values are not equal

• used to compare two values (or variables).

> Greater than x>y Returns 1 if the first value is greater
than the second value

• Return value is either 0 or 1

< Less than x<y Returns 1 if the first value is less
than the second value

>= Greater than or x >= y Returns 1 if the first value is greater

equal to than, or equal to, the second value

<= Less than or equal to x <= y Returns 1 if the first value is less
than, or equal to, the second value
 Operato Name Example Description
r

Logical Operators
&& AND x < 5 && Returns 1 if both
x < 10 statements are true

determine the logic between

variables or values, by combining
|| OR x < 5 || x < Returns 1 if one of the
multiple conditions 4 statements is true

! NOT !(x < 5 && Reverse the result,

x < 10) returns 0 if the result
is 1
 Symbol Operator description syntax

Performs bit-by-bit
AND operation
& Bitwise AND a&b

Bitwise Operators
and returns the
result.

Performs bit-by-bit
| Bitwise OR OR operation and a|b
returns the result.

Performs bit-by-bit
to perform bit-level operations^ Bitwise XOR XOR operation and a^b
returns the result.
on the operands
Flips all the set
Bitwise First
~ and unset bits on ~a
Complement
the number.

Shifts the number

in binary form by
<< Bitwise Leftshift one place in the a << b
operation and
returns the result.

Shifts the number

in binary form by
Bitwise
>> one place in the a >> b
Rightshilft
operation and
returns the result.
 Symbol Operator Description Syntax

Assign the value of the right operand to

= Simple Assignment a=b
the left operand.

Assignment += Plus and assign

Add the right operand and left operand
and assign this value to the left
operand.
a += b

Operators -= Minus and assign

Subtract the right operand and left
operand and assign this value to the left
operand.
a -= b

Multiply the right operand and left

*= Multiply and assign operand and assign this value to the left a *= b
operand.

Divide the left operand with the right

/= Divide and assign operand and assign this value to the left a /= b
operand.

Assign the remainder in the division of

%= Modulus and assign left operand with the right operand to a %= b
the left operand.

bitwise AND and assigns this value to

&= AND and assign a &= b
the left operand.

Performs bitwise OR and assigns this

|= OR and assign a |= b
value to the left operand.

bitwise XOR and assigns this value to

^= XOR and assign a ^= b
the left operand.

bitwise Rightshift and assign this value

>>= Rightshift and assign a >>= b
to the left operand.

bitwise Leftshift and assign this value

<<= Leftshift and assign a <<= b
to the left operand.
 Sizeof Operator

• Determine the size in bytes of a data type or variable.

• unary operator
Operator Example Description

sizeof sizeof(int) Returns the size of an integer.

sizeof sizeof(arr) Returns the size of an array.

 Comma Operator ( , )

• binary operator
• evaluates its first operand and discards the result, it then
evaluates the second operand and returns this value (and type).
• lowest precedence of any C operator.
• acts as both operator and separator.
Example: operand1, operand2
 Ternary Operator

• Evaluate a condition and return one of two values based on the

result.
• shorthand for an if-else statement.
• condition ? expression1 : expression2
• Example: operand1, operand2
 dot (.) and arrow (->) Operators

• used to reference individual members of classes, structures,

and unions.
• dot operator is applied to the actual object.
• arrow operator is used with a pointer to an object
• Example:
• structure_variable . member;
• Structure_variable -> member;
INCREMENT AND DECREMENT OPERATORS
 EXPRESSION
• any valid combination of operators, constants and variables
 Precedence and Associativity

i. * and / operation has high precedence over +, -. i.e. in an

expression which has mix of operators, the expression
with * and / will be executed first.
ii. If the expression is within the bracket, it will be executed
first.
Category Operator Associativity

Postfix () [] -> . ++ - - Left to right

Unary + - ! ~ ++ - - (type)* & sizeof Right to left

Multiplicative */% Left to right

Additive +- Left to right

Shift << >> Left to right

Relational < <= > >= Left to right

Equality == != Left to right

Bitwise AND & Left to right

Bitwise XOR ^ Left to right

Bitwise OR | Left to right

Logical AND && Left to right

Logical OR || Left to right

Conditional ?: Right to left

Assignment = += -= *= /= %=>>= <<= &= ^= |= Right to left

Comma , Left to right

 Problems on operator precedence
& associativity
int x = 10, y = 20, z = 30;
int result = x + y * z / y - z;
printf("%d\n", result);
 Problems on operator precedence
& associativity
int a = 5, b = 10, c = 15;
int result = a * b / c + b - a;
printf("%d\n", result);
 Problems on operator precedence
& associativity
int x = 2, y = 3, z = 4;
int result = x + y * z / x - y;
 Problems on operator precedence
& associativity
int a = 5, b = 10, c = 15;
int result = a > b && b < c || a < c;
printf("%d\n", result);
 Problems on operator precedence
& associativity
int x = 5, y = 10, z = 0;
x += y -= z += 2;
printf("%d %d %d\n", x, y, z);
 Problems on operator precedence
& associativity
int a = 10, b = 20, c = 30;
int result = a > b ? a : b > c ? b : c;
printf("%d\n", result);
 Problems on operator precedence
& associativity
int a = 2, b = 4;
int result = a + b << a * b;
printf("%d\n", result);
 TYPE CASTING

• process of converting one data

type to another data type
 Implicit Type Casting

• Conversion of lower data type to higher data type will

occur automatically.
• Compiler will do
 Explicit Type Casting

• Conversion of higher data type to lower data type

explicitly by the user
 BRANCHING
• Decision Making and Branching:

• Simple -if
• if-else
• If-else-if-else(else-if ladder)
• Switch case and
• Nested-if
• Conditional Operator.
 SIMPLE if Statement
• The simple if statement has the following syntax:

if (test-expression)
{

statement-block;

}
statement x;
 Example
if( age>=18)
{
printf(“ Eligible to vote”);
}
 if-else Statement
The if-else statement has the following syntax:

if (test-expression)
{
True-statement-block;
}
else
{
False-statement-block;
}
Statement x;
 Example

if ( age>=18)
{
printf(“Eligible to vote”);
}
else
{
printf(“Not eligible to vote”);
}
If-else-if-else (ELSE – IF LADDER)
FLOWCHART OF ELSE-IF LADDER
 EXAMPLE
if (code==1)

printf(“colour=“red”);

else if( code ==2)

printf(“colour=“yellow”);

else if(code==3)

printf(“colour=“green”);

else

printf(“invalid input”);
Switch case
FLOWCHART OF SWITCH –CASE STATEMENT
 EXAMPLE

Switch(character)

case ‘A’ : printf(“Green”);

break;

case ‘B’: printf(“Yellow”);

break;

case ‘C’: printf(“Red”);

break;

default : printf(“ no choice”);

}
Nested if-else
Example
 LOOPING

• While

• Do-While

• For

• Nested looping statements

WHILE STATEMENT
Example
FOR STATEMENT
Example
Do while loop
Example