TABLE QUANTITATIVE

RESEARCH
RESULTS INTRODUCTION
CONCLUSION DISCUSSION
FIGURE QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
RESULTS, DISCUSSION &
CONCLUSIONS
 RESULTS

•The data gathered should be

presented in order to be analyzed.
•QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
-presentation of the numerical
results and data

• QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
- broader discussion of trends
 3 MODES OF PRESENTATION
1. TEXTUAL
- embraces the discussion and analyses of data.
2. TABULAR
- used to present through tables the data of the study
3. GRAPHIC
- clarifies further certain facts, trends, and
relationships in cases where tables
can not show various shades of meanings.
 Table

• A systematic method of presenting statistical

data in vertical columns and horizontal rows,
according to some classification of subject
matter.
 Guidelines for Handling Tables

• Good tables are relatively simple and direct to

the point.
Guidelines for Handling Tables

• If a table is large enough to occupy more than a

half-page, it should be placed on a page by
itself, carefully centered for a balanced effect.
 Guidelines for Handling Tables

• If it is short, occupying less than a half-page, it

may be placed on the page with textual material,
preferably following as closely as possible the
textual discussion that is related to it.
 Guidelines for Handling
Tables
• Text references should identify tables by number,
rather than by such expressions as, “The table
above,” or “the following table.”
 Guidelines for Handling
Tables
• Label each table with an Arabic numeral
(Table 1, Table 2, and so on) and provide a
clear title that identifies the subject. The
label and title should appear on separate
lines above the table, flush left.
 Guidelines for Handling
Tables
• Column headings, or box heads, should be
clearly labelled, describing the nature and
units of measure of the data listed.
•Decimal points should always be
aligned in the column.
 Guidelines for Handling Tables

•When no data are available for a

particular cell, indicate the lack by a
dash, rather than by a zero.
 Figures

•A figure is a device that presents statistical

data in graphic form.
• Should not be intended as substitutes for
textual description, but included to
emphasize certain significant relationships.
 TIPS IN HANDLING FIGURES

• The title should clearly describe the nature of

the data presented.
• Should present only one fact or series of related
facts, and it should be easy to interpret.
 TIPS IN HANDLING FIGURES

• Numerical data upon which the figure is

based should be presented in an
accompanying table, if it is not included in
the figure itself.
 TIPS IN HANDLING FIGURES
• Figures should be used sparingly.

• Figures that occupy more than a half-page

should be placed on a separate page. Those
that are smaller and occupy less than a half-
page may be placed on the same page as
textual material.
 TIPS IN HANDLING FIGURES

• Figures should follow, never precede, the

related textual discussion.
• Figures are referred to by number, never as
“the figure above” or “the figure below.”
 TIPS IN HANDLING FIGURES

• For each figure, place a label and a caption

below the figure, flush left.
• The word “Figure” may be abbreviated to
“Fig.”
• Ensure image clarity
 Tips in Writing a Result Section
The results section is not for
interpreting the results in any way.

• The best way to use the results section is to

show the most relevant information in the
graphs, figures and tables.
 Tips in Writing a Result Section

• Be sure to include negative results.

• In the results section, you also tell the

reader what statistics you conducted to test
your hypothesis (-ses) and what the results
indicated.
Table 1
Effect of Different Colors of Light on Plant Growth (increase in length of stem in mm)

RED YELLOW BLUE

Replicates
1 5.1 2.9 5.4
2 4.9 3.4 5.9
3 5.3 3.7 6.2
4 4.4 2.7 5.2
5 5.5 2.5 5.0
6 5.6 3.4 5.9
7 3.9 2.1 4.6
8 4.2 2.3 4.8
9 4.7 4.1 6.6
10 5.6 2.1 4.6
Mean 4.92 2.92 5.42
 Table 2
Single Factor Analysis of Variance
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 35 2 17.5 38.89529 1.12E-08 3.354131
Within Groups 12.148 27 0.449926

Table 2 shows that using single factor ANOVA, there is a significant

difference in the mean increase of length of stem using different
colors of light ( p < α ), α = 0.05.
 6

Ave. increase in length of stem (mm)

5

0
Red light Yellow light Blue light

Colors of light

Figure 3: Effects of Different Colors of Light on Stem Growth

 Activity:

Objective: To investigate the effect

of
increasing the
resistance
on voltage
Instruction:

Based on the data provided, make a

line graph. Provide an appropriate
title with at least one sentence to
describe the figure highlighting the
relationship between variables.
Table 1
Resistance vs. Voltage
RESISTANCE (Ω) VOLTAGE (V)

1 1.5

2 3.0

3 4.5

4 6.0

5 7.5
Figure 1 shows a linear relationship between resistance (R) and
voltage (V) ; as the resistance increases, the voltage also increases.
The slope
of the line is8 a constant value which corresponds to the current (I).
7

5
Voltage ( V)

1
)

0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5

Resistance ( Ω)

Fig. 1 The relationship between resistance and voltage

 DISCUSSION

•Analyze the data that had been

gathered, presented in table or
graph scientifically.
 DISCUSSION

•Will always connect to the

introduction by way of the research
questions or hypotheses you posed
and the literature you reviewed.
 DISCUSSION

•This is where you elaborate upon

your findings, and explain what you
found, adding your own personal
interpretations.
 DISCUSSION

•In this critical part of the research

paper, you start the process of
explaining any links and correlations
apparent in your data.
 DISCUSSION

• Discussion which is developed from these

interrelated findings emphasizes the
meaning of these relationships eventually
leading to the conclusion.
 Some Tips in the Discussion of Results

• Be sure that the processing of data is done

accurately so as not to invalidate countless
days of hard work and sacrifices while
conducting the experiment.

• Always consider data that are not

consistent with your hypothesis.
 Some Tips in the Discussion of Results

• Pay attention to experimental conditions that

you were not able to control.
• Examine and appreciate these deviations for they might
lead to new discoveries.
• Formulate explanations for apparent exceptions,
inconsistencies, and discrepancies.
• Propose explanation for trends and patterns in
experimental observations and relate them to relevant
previous work on the subject.
 Some Tips in the Discussion of Results

• Stress the ways in which the results of your work are

related to the scientific field as a whole.
• State the implications of your findings for practical applications
in industry, agriculture, medicine, nutrition, or engineering.

• While your results may not be enough to reject the

null hypothesis, they may show a trend that later
 Some Tips in the Discussion of Results
• You should always put your findings into the
context of the previous research that you found
during your literature review.
• Do your results agree or disagree with previous research?
• Do the results of the previous research help you to
interpret your own findings?
• If your results are very different, why?
• Either you have uncovered something new, or you may
have made a major flaw with the design of the
experiment.
 EVALUATING the RESULTS and
DISCUSSION SECTION of the Research
Paper
RESULTS
1.Are appropriate statistics presented?
2.Was the probability level, α, at which
the results of the tests of significance
were evaluated, specified in advance
of the data analyses? Was every
hypothesis tested?
 EVALUATING the RESULTS and
DISCUSSION SECTION of the Research
Paper
RESULTS
3. Are the described tests of significance
appropriate, given the hypotheses and design of the
study?
4. Are the results clearly presented?
5. Are the tables and figures (if any) well organized and
easy to understand?
6. Are the data in each table and figure described in the
text?
DISCUSSION (Conclusions and
Recommendations)

1. Is each result discussed in terms of the original

hypothesis or topic to which it relates?
2. Is each result discussed in terms of its agreement or
disagreement with previous results obtained by other
researchers in other studies?
3. Are generalizations consistent with the results?
 DISCUSSION (Conclusions and Recommendations)

4.Are the possible effects of uncontrolled

variables
on the results discussed?
5. Are theoretical and practical implications of the
findings discussed?
6. Are recommendations for future action made?
CONCLUSION
•Summarizes the results of the
experiment either contradicts or
supports the original hypothesis.
•Simple and straightforward answer
to the questions posed by the
experiment.
•Clear, concise and informative.
•This section must explain how the
results of the science project relate
to the original hypothesis.
•Should evaluate the procedure and
state any factors that led to
success.
•Suggests changes or adjustments
required for the effectiveness of
further or more in-depth study.
KEY INFO:
•Conclusions
• Summarize your science investigatory
project results in a few sentences.
• Include key facts from your background
research to help explain your results as
needed.
• State whether your results support or
contradict your hypothesis.
• If appropriate, state the relationship
between the independent and
dependent variable.
• Suggest changes in the experimental
procedure (or design) and/or
possibilities for further studies.
• IF YOUR RESULTS SHOW THAT YOUR
HYPOTHESIS IS FALSE or did not support
your hypothesis
*Don’t change or manipulate your
results to fit your original hypothesis.

Remember, concluding that your hypothesis

was completely wrong does not make your

SIP
 CONCLUSION

The researcher found out that there is a

direct relationship between resistance (R) and
voltage (V) ; as the resistance increases, the
voltage also increases. The slope of the line is
a constant value which corresponds to the
current (I) and is inversely proportional to
resistance but directly proportional to the
voltage.
 CONCLUSION
In terms of ink cytotoxicity against the brine
shrimp using three ink concentrations of 1:10, 1:50.
1:100 and distilled water as control, probit analysis
showed an Lc50 between 1:50 - 1:100 for seagrass-
fed D. auricularia and Lc50 of 1:100 for seaweed-fed
D. auricularia, although one-way Anova showed no
significant difference in per cent mortality between
the concentrations (p=> 0.05)
Thus, the researchers accept the alternative
hypotheses and reject the null hypotheses. Dolabella
auricularia ink exhibits microbial inhibitory activity
against gram positive S. aureus and gram negative
E. coli, as well as cytotoxic properties against brine
shrimp. As such, it is a potential candidate for
 CONCLUSION CHECKLIST:
YES NO
DO YOU SUMMARIZE YOUR RESULTS & USE IT TO SUPPORT THE
FINDINGS?

DO YOUR CONCLUSIONS STATE THAT YOU PROVED OR DISPROVED

YOUR HYPOTHESIS?

IF APPROPRIATE, DO YOU STATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE

INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLE?

DO YOU SUMMARIZE AND EVALUATE YOUR EXPERIMENTAL

PROCEDURE, MAKING COMMENTS ABOUT ITS SUCCESS AND
EFFECTIVENESS?
DO YOU SUGGEST CHANGES IN THE EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
AND OR POSSIBILITIES FOR FURTHER STUDY?

*For good conclusions, you should answer “YES” to

every question.
• DO YOU SUMMARIZE YOUR RESULTS & USE IT
TO SUPPORT THE FINDINGS?
• DO YOUR CONCLUSIONS STATE THAT YOU
PROVED OR DISPROVED YOUR HYPOTHESIS?
• IF APPROPRIATE, DO YOU STATE THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INDEPENDENT
AND DEPENDENT VARIABLE?
• DO YOU SUMMARIZE AND EVALUATE YOUR
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE, MAKING
COMMENTS ABOUT ITS SUCCESS AND
EFFECTIVENESS?
• DO YOU SUGGEST CHANGES IN THE
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE AND OR
POSSIBILITIES FOR FURTHER STUDY?
TIPS :
If you include figures or tables in
your conclusion, be sure to include a
brief caption or label so that the
reader knows what the figures refer
to.
Also, discuss the figures briefly in
the text of your report.
• Conclusions are often the most difficult
part to write.
• A researcher should keep in mind that
the conclusion is often what the reader
remembers best.
• Your conclusion should be the best part
of your paper.
REMEMBER: A conclusion Should:

• Stress the importance of the

investigatory project.
• Give the work a sense of completeness.
• Leave a final impression on the reader.
 Reflection Paper (w6)
Complete the following sentences
1.I have learned that
_________________________
2.I find difficulty on
_____________________________
3.I need to learn more about
___________________
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