GHANI KHAN CHOUDHURY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
NARAYNPUR,MALDA
PIN-73241
FUNDAMENTALS OF
THERMODYNAMICS
TABLE OF CONTENT
Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------- Slide 3
What is Thermodynamics?----------------------------------------------------- Slide 4
Types Of System ----------------------------------------------------------------- Slide 5
Closed and Open System ------------------------------------------------------ Slide 6&7
Difference Of Closed,,Open and Isolated ----------------------------------- Slide 8
Properties Of System Intensive,Extinsive Point wrt to his Properties--- Slide 9,10,11,12,13&
14
Thermodynamics Equalibrium,State path and process & cycle --------------------- Slide
15,16&17
Gas Absorption Calirometry&Pure Substsance-------------------------------------------- Slide 18&19
INTRODUCTION
• Thermodynamics is science of energy transfer and its effects on
properties.
• Main aim is to convert disorganized form of energy into organized form
of energy in an efficient manner.
• Based on the macroscopic approach which does not require knowledge
of behavior of individual particles and is called classical
thermodynamics.
WHAT IS THERMODYNAMICS
• Thermodynamics, science of the relationship between
heat, work, temperature, and energy. In broad terms,
thermodynamics deals with the transfer of energy from
one place to another and from one form to another. The
key concept is that heat is a form of energy corresponding
to a definite amount of mechanical work.
SYSTEM, SURROUNDINGS, AND BOUNDARY
• A thermodynamic system is defined as quantity of matter or a region in
space chosen for study.
• The region outside the system is called surroundings.
• The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its
surroundings is called boundary.
• Universe = System + Surroundings
TYPES OF SYSTEM
• Closed System
• Open System
• Isolated System
CLOSED SYSTEM
• A closed system consists of fixed amount of mass and no mass
may cross the system boundary but energy in form of heat and
work may cross the system boundary.
• The closed system boundary may move.
• Examples of closed systems are sealed tanks and piston cylinder
devices without valves.
OPEN SYSTEM OR CONTROL VOLUME
• An open system has mass as well as energy crossing the boundary,
called a control surface.
• Examples of open systems are pumps, compressors, turbines, valves
and heat exchangers.
ISOLATED SYSTEM
• An isolated system is one in which there is no interaction between
the system and surroundings.
• It is of fixed mass and energy, and there is no mass or energy transfer
across the system boundary.
• Examples of isolated system are universe and hot coffee in a well
insulated flask.
DIFFERENCE OF CLOSED, OPEN, AND
ISOLATED SYSTEMS
Types of Energy Mass Transfer Examples
System Transfer
Closed System Yes No Gas in a sealed
container
Open System Yes Yes Turbines,
pumps, valves
etc.
Isolated No No Universe,
System Thermoflask
PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM
• Any measurable characteristic of a system in equilibrium is called a
property.
• The property is independent of the path used to arrive at the system
condition.
• Properties are point functions.
• Properties are exact differentials.
• Properties may be intensive or extensive.
INTENSIVE PROPERTIES
• Intensive properties are independent of size or mass of the system.
• Some intensive properties are:
a. Pressure
b. Temperature
c. Density
d. Velocity
e. Viscosity
EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES
• Extensive properties depends on size or mass of the system.
• Some extensive properties are:
a. Mass
b. Volume
c. Total Energy
d. Electric Charge
e. Magnetization
IMPORTANT POINTS W.R.T PROPERTIES
• Extensive properties per unit mass are intensive properties. For
example, the specific volume v, is defined as
v= = = = Intensive
• Specific Properties are intensive properties.
THERMODYNAMICS EQUILIBRIUM
A system is said to be in thermodynamic equilibrium if it maintains
a. Thermal Equilibrium ( Equality of Temperature )
b. Mechanical Equilibrium ( Equality of Forces / Pressure )
c. Chemical Equilibrium ( Equality of Chemical Potential )
o STATE, PATH, AND PROCESS
• Condition of a system as defined by properties of system is known as
state of a system.
• Series of state of system through which process occurs is known as
path of a system.
• Any change of state of a system is known as process.
• Process Property held
Some of the processes are-
constant
Isobaric Pressure
Isothermal Temperature
Isochoric Volume
Isentropic Entropy
THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE
• A system is said to have undergone a cycle if the initial and final points
are same.
• Minimum number of processes required for a cycle are 2.
• For a cycle change in property is equal to zero.
PURE SUBSTANCE
• A substance is said to be a pure substance if it is
a. Homogeneous in Chemical Composition.
b. Homogeneous in Chemical Aggregation.
• Examples of pure substance are atmospheric air, steam-water mixture
and combustion products of a fuel.
• Phase ( solid, liquid, gas ) is not considered while determining pure
substance.
Gas Adsorption Calorimetry
• Combine sensitive microcalorimeter with
automated gas dosing system
• Measure heat of adsorption and
adsorption isotherm simultaneously
• Apply to high surface area and
microporous materials
03/10/2025
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