BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - I

INTRODUCTION
Definitions;- A building can be define as a
structure broadly consists of wall, floor and roof,
erected to provide covered space for different uses
such as residence, education, business,
manufacturing storage, entertainment, etc.

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 Types of Buildings
Depending up on the occupancy or the type of use, deferent type
of building have been classified in the following groups as per
national building code.
 Residential building

 Educational building

 Institutional building

 Assembly building

 Business building

 Industrial building

 Storage building 2
 Cont…..
• Residential building ;-these shall include one or two
private dwellings ,apartments house ,dormitories,
hotels etc.
• Educational building ;-these shall include any
building used for ,school , college , or day-care purpose
involving assembly for instruction and recreations.
• Institutional building;-these shall include any
building or part there of which is used for purpose such
as medical or other treatment or care of persons
suffering from physical illness , care of infant etc..
• Assembly Building ;-those shall include any building
or parts of building where group of people conjugate or
gather or recreation ,social, religious etc…. 3
 Cont….

• Business building;- those shall include any building

or parts of building which is used for transaction of
business.
• Industrial building;- those shall include any
building or parts of building or parts of building or
structure ,in which product or material of all kind
and properties are fabricated ,assembled or
processed.
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 Components of building

• A building can be broadly divided in to two parts sub-structure and

supper structure.
• The portion of the building bellow the surrounding ground is
known as sub structure.
• The portion above the ground is termed as supper structure

The components of the building can be broadly summarized as under:

 Foundation
 Plinth
 Wall
 Column
 Floor
 door, window and ventilation
 Stair
 Roof 5
 Components of Building

Foundation

A foundation is necessary to evenly distribute the entire building

load on the soil in such a manner that no damaging settlements take
place. Hence, the foundations need to be constructed on good/solid
ground.

Plinth

A plinth is normally constructed just above the ground level and

immediately after the foundation. It raises the floor above the
ground level and herewith prevents surface water from entering the
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building.
 Components of Building
Walls

• Walls are the vertical elements on which the roof finally rests.

They can be made of different materials like bricks, stones, mud,

concrete blocks, lateritic blocks etc. If the walls are very long,
columns can be provided to carry the roof.

• Walls provide privacy and enclosure. Walls also provide security

and protection against natural elements such as wind, rain and

sunshine.

• Openings are to be provided in wall for access of light and

ventilation 7
 Components of Building

Stairs
• A stair is a sequence of steps and it is provided to
afford the means of ascent and descent between the
floors and landings.
• The apartment or room of a building in which stair is
located is called staircase. The space or opening
occupied by the stair is called a stairway.
• There are different kind of stairs are used in buildings,
like RCC stair, wooden stair, metal stair, brick stair etc.
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 Components of Building
Roof
• The roof provides protection for the building and the
people living in it. The roof rests on the walls and
requires proper anchoring so that wind and other
mechanical impact cannot destroy it. A roof can have
different shapes but it is always either flat or sloping.
• Roof is typically made of RCC, stone slab, tiles etc.

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 Components of Building

Surfaces / Finishes
• External finishes are the outer most layer of
protection, which protect the structure from
weathering.
• Internal finishes are the layers given on
internal faces. They give durability and
pleasing appearance to the inside.
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 Components of Building
• Openings are normally provided in the walls as door,
windows and ventilators.
• Doors provide access; windows and ventilators provide light
and ventilation.
• Lintels are constructed just above the openings. It is normally
a stone slab or a concrete slab.
• Sill is the part of the wall that is just below the window.

• Lintels are constructed to hold up the walls above the

openings. In earthquake prone areas a continuous lintel beam
is provided all over the walls. 11
 Components of Building

Floor
• This is the surface on which we do most of our activities.
Floorings is laid over the filling of the plinth and on
subsequent floors.
• Flooring can be done with different materials, but care
must be given that the ground below the floor is well
compacted. Flooring is done to prevent dampness from
rising to the top and to have a firm platform that can be
kept hygienic and clean. 12
 Soil Investigations and Soil Explorations

• The material supporting a building may broadly

classified in two categories namely, soil and rock.
• Soil is the top most layer of the earth crust and occurred
in the forms of particles of minerals and vegetable matter
such as quartzes, stone, gravel, decayed organic matter.
• Rock is a natural of cemented material. Rock may be
exposed on the surface or they may be covered by layers
of soils.
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 Classification of Soils
Soils are classified in many different ways by their use ,
origin, size, texture , color, and density.
Classification of soils by grain size
Stone;- consists of boulders and cobbles
Gravel ;- consists of particles of course material resulting
from the disintegration of rock.
Sand ;-the size vary between 0.06-2.0mm
Silt ;-raging from 0.002mm to 0.06mm
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Clay ;- have smooth and flank appearance
 Site Investigation or Soil Exploration

• Site investigation or soil explorations are done for

obtaining the information about subsurface conditions
at the site of proposed construction.
• Soil exploration consists of determining the profile of
the natural soil deposits at the site, taking the soil
samples and determining the engineering properties of
soils. It also includes in-situ testing of soils.

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 Site Investigations

• Soil exploration is a part of site investigation.

• Site investigation, in general deals with
determining in general, the suitability of the site
for the proposed construction
• Before buildings are built on any land, it is
essential for the builder to examine the
proposed site and its soil in some detail.
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 Cont……
Site investigation is attempted at understanding the
subsurface conditions such as:
– Soil and rock profile
– Geological features of the region
– Position and variation of ground water table
– Physical properties of soil and rock
– Contamination, if any
– General data of adjacent structures, hydrological
data, topography, soil maps, seismicity, etc. 17
 Purpose of Site Investigations
– To determine the type of foundation required for the
proposed project at the site, i.e. shallow foundation or
deep foundation.
– To make recommendations regarding the safe bearing
capacity or pile load capacity.
– Ultimately, it is the subsoil that provides the ultimate
support for the structures.

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 Cont…
A complete site investigation will consist of:
Preliminary work
• Collecting general information and already existing data
such as study of geologic , seismic maps, etc. at or near
site.
• Study site history – if previously used as quarry,
agricultural land, industrial unit, etc.
Site Reconnaissance: Actual site inspection.
• To judge general suitability

• Decide exploration techniques 19

 Factors Affecting Exploration Program

Soil exploration program are influenced by a number of

factors some of these are:
a) Size and type of the project;
b) General characteristics of the soils in the work area;
c) Time available for exploration; and
d) Degree of risk or safety involved

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 Classes
Sub-surface investigations may be subdivided into three
classes
a. Foundation investigations to investigate sites for
new structures.
b. Stability or failure investigations to investigate
causes of distress or failure of existing structures.
c. Earthwork investigations to evaluate suitability of
natural materials for construction purposes.
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 Procedure of Explorations

RECONNAISSANCE

• The purpose of the reconnaissance is to determine the

nature of the site and to estimate the type of soils and rock
likely to be encountered.
• This is accomplished by means of a geologic study and as
inspection of the site and adjacent areas.
• The results of this phase of investigation are extremely
valuable in planning the sub-surface exploration program.

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 Cont…
Collection of Data About the Project.
• Geologic study of the site;- The geologic study will
indicate the origin of the site, such as a buried prelacies
valley, a former flooded plain, a former data deposit, or
glacial deposit, or deposit formed by wind action etc.
• Site inspection;- The site inspection includes a study of
pertinent topographic features, open cuts, and existing
structure
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Preliminary Exploration:
Preliminary exploration can be of two types:
• Shallow exploration usually used for light structures, highways, railways,
airfield etc.
• Deep exploration used for dams, bridges, tall buildings, heavy industrial
structures etc.
Preliminary Exploration include
• Depth, extent, and composition of critical soil strata,
• Ground-water level and its fluctuations,
• Depth of bed rock, when necessary,
• Estimate of engineering properties of soil,
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• Initial selection of foundation possibilities
Detailed Exploration:
 Additional test borings.
 Undisturbed sampling if compressible soils are
encountered at critical depth.
 Laboratory/Field tests if data on soil strength and
deformation characteristics are needed.
Analysis of Results of Exploration:
 Evaluation of settlement characteristics of various
soil layers.
 Evaluation of bearing capacity of various soil
layers.

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 METHODS OF SOIL EXPLORATION

1) Open excavation
2) Borings
3) Sub surface sounding
4) Geographical methods

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 1. Open Excavation
A pit, eventually, can be excavated for exploring shallower
depths, say of the order of 2 to 5 m, or so. Such a pit can be
easily excavated at the proposed construction site, if the soil
has a bit of cohesion, and the soil samples can be lifted
from such different depths, besides making the easy
visualization and examination of the different strata. Even
undisturbed soil samples can be lifted from such a pit by a
process called chunk sampling.
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 2. Boring:

• Soil samples can be lifted from deeper depths by drilling

bore holes by using mechanical devices called samplers.
• The process consists of

i. Drilling a hole and visually examining the cuttings

coming out from different depths
ii. Lifting the soil samples from different depths by using
mechanical devices called samplers.

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 Soil samples and sampling

i. Disturbed sample: in disturbed sampling, the natural

structures of soils gets partly or fully modified or
destroyed, although with suitable precaution the
natural water content may be preserved. Disturbed
sample can be obtained by direct excavations by
auger and thick wall samplers.

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ii. Undisturbed sample: in undisturbed sample, the natural
structure and properties remain preserved. These samples are
used to tests for shear, consolidation and permeability.
iii. Non-representative sample: it consists of a mixture of soil
from different soil strata. Size of the soil grains as well as the
mineral constituents, might thus, have changed in such
samples. Soil samples obtained from auger cuttings and
settlings in sum well of wash borings, can be classified in this
category. Such samples may help in determining the depths at
which major changes may be occurring in sub surface soil
strata. 40