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Cloud Computing

The document discusses hardware virtualization, server consolidation, and resource replication in cloud computing, emphasizing their roles in improving efficiency and scalability. It outlines key concepts such as hardware independence, types of server consolidation, and the benefits of resource replication for high availability and disaster recovery. Additionally, it provides a step-by-step guide for performing server consolidation and highlights various replication strategies and challenges in cloud architectures.

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Raj Singh
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
6 views

Cloud Computing

The document discusses hardware virtualization, server consolidation, and resource replication in cloud computing, emphasizing their roles in improving efficiency and scalability. It outlines key concepts such as hardware independence, types of server consolidation, and the benefits of resource replication for high availability and disaster recovery. Additionally, it provides a step-by-step guide for performing server consolidation and highlights various replication strategies and challenges in cloud architectures.

Uploaded by

Raj Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Server consolidation

&
Resource Replication
Cloud Computing

School of Computer Engineering


Hardware Virtualization
Hardware virtualization is a technology that
allows the abstraction of physical hardware
resources to create virtual environments.
This technology enables multiple operating
systems and applications to run
simultaneously on a single physical
machine, improving efficiency, flexibility,
and scalability.
Key Concepts
Hardware Independence
• Virtualization abstracts hardware resources, allowing virtual machines (VMs) to
operate independently of the underlying physical hardware.
• Enables migration of VMs between different physical servers without compatibility
concerns.
• Promotes flexibility in deploying applications across various hardware
configurations.

Server Consolidation
• Combines multiple physical servers into fewer machines by hosting multiple VMs
on a single physical server.
• Reduces physical hardware requirements, lowering operational costs (e.g., power,
cooling, and maintenance).
• Improves data center efficiency by optimizing resource utilization.
Key Concepts
Resource Replication
• Virtualization replicates physical resources (CPU, memory, storage, network
interfaces) for each VM, creating isolated environments.
• Supports fault tolerance, high availability, and disaster recovery by duplicating
critical resources.
• Enables testing and development environments without affecting production
systems.

OS and Hardware-based Virtualization


 OS-level Virtualization:
• Virtualization occurs at the operating system level, using a single OS kernel to
manage isolated containers or instances.
• Examples: Docker, LXC.
 Hardware-based Virtualization:
• Achieved with the help of hardware support (e.g., Intel VT-x, AMD-V).
• Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) or hypervisor directly interacts with the
hardware to create virtual environments.
• Examples: VMware ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-V, KVM.
Server Consolidation
Consolidation in computing is the action of merging
multiple individual applications into one. In other words,
it is the process of sharing data or server resources with
multiple users and applications

Server consolidation is the process of migrating


network services and applications from multiple
computers to a singular computer. This consolidation can
include multiple physical computers to multiple virtual
computers on one host computer.

Server consolidation in cloud computing is the


process of optimizing IT resources by reducing the
number of physical or virtual servers in use, improving
Architecture of Server
Consolidation
Definition: Combining multiple servers
or workloads into a centralized, efficient
infrastructure.
Core components:
Virtualization technology
Centralized storage systems
Network optimization
Server management tools
Key design considerations:
Scalability, Resource utilization, Fault tolerance, Security and compliance
Types of Server
Consolidation
a. Physical-to-Physical (P2P) Consolidation
Merging workloads from older, underutilized servers
to newer, more powerful physical servers.
b. Physical-to-Virtual (P2V) Consolidation
Migrating workloads from physical servers to virtual
machines (VMs).
Common with virtualization platforms like VMware,
Hyper-V, and KVM.
c. Virtual-to-Virtual (V2V) Consolidation
Reducing the number of virtual machines by
combining workloads into fewer VMs.
d. Hybrid Consolidation
Combining physical, virtual, and cloud-based
resources for optimized infrastructure.
How to Perform Server
Consolidation?
Step 1: Assess Current Infrastructure
 Inventory all existing servers and workloads.
 Identify underutilized or overburdened servers.
Step 2: Plan for the Consolidation
 Define objectives (e.g., cost savings, energy efficiency).
 Choose the consolidation type (P2P, P2V, V2V, or hybrid).
 Estimate hardware and software requirements.
 Map dependencies between applications and infrastructure.
Step 3: Leverage Virtualization
Technology
 Select a virtualization platform.
 Create virtual environments to host multiple workloads on fewer
physical servers.

How to Perform Server
Consolidation?
Step 4: Automate Resource
Management
 Use orchestration and management tools like AWS Cloud Formation, Terra
form, or Ansible to automate resource allocation and scaling (horizontal or
vertical scaling).
 Implement auto-scaling policies to dynamically adjust resources.
Step 5: Migrate and Optimize
 Migrate workloads to the target servers or virtual machines.
 Optimize configurations for CPU, memory, and storage usage.
Step 6: Test , Monitor and Maintenance
 Verify performance, compatibility, and security.
 Regularly assess resource utilization and reallocate as necessary.
 Monitor resource usage and adjust as needed.
Benefits of Server
Consolidation
a. Cost Savings
• Reduces hardware, power, and cooling costs.
• Minimizes physical space requirements.
b. Improved Resource Utilization
• Maximizes CPU, memory, and storage usage.
• Eliminates idle resources.
c. Simplified Management
• Centralized administration of servers and workloads.
• Easier updates, maintenance, and troubleshooting.
d. Enhanced Scalability and Flexibility
• Quick deployment of new workloads.
• Supports business growth with minimal infrastructure changes.
e. Environmental Benefits
• Lower energy consumption.
• Reduces carbon footprint.
f. Improved Disaster Recovery
• Simplifies backup and recovery processes.
• Enables faster failover and continuity in virtualized environments
Resource Replication
Resource replication is the process of
duplicating computational resources (data,
applications, virtual machines, etc.) across
systems, environments, or geographic
locations.

The primary goals include ensuring high


availability, fault tolerance, disaster
recovery, and improved performance
through load balancing.
Data Replication
The duplication of data between multiple
storage systems or locations, ensuring
consistency and availability.
Types of Data Replication
 Synchronous Replication:
 Data is written simultaneously to primary and secondary locations.
 Ensures strong consistency but may introduce latency.
 Asynchronous Replication:
 Data is written to the primary location first and later replicated to secondary
locations.
 Reduces latency but risks inconsistencies during failures.
 Hybrid or Near-Synchronous Replication:
 Balances latency and consistency by introducing minimal delay.

Key Applications
 Disaster recovery setups.
 Load balancing in distributed databases.
Application Replication
The replication of application services or
components across different servers or
environments to ensure reliability and
scalability.
Types of Application Replication
 Stateful Application Replication:
 Includes replication of session data or application state.
 Typically uses distributed caching or shared storage solutions.
 Stateless Application Replication:
 Applications don’t retain state between requests, relying on external data stores.
 Easier to scale and manage.

Use Cases
 Cloud-native applications with micro services architecture.
 Content delivery networks (CDNs) replicating web applications globally.
Virtual Machine (VM)
Replication
The process of duplicating virtual machines across
physical hosts or data centers for disaster recovery
or high availability.
Types of VM Replication
 Full VM Replication:
Entire VM images, including OS, applications, and data, are duplicated.
 Incremental VM Replication:
Only changes made since the last replication are transferred.
Popular Technologies
VMware vSphere Replication
Microsoft Hyper-V Replica
Open-source tools like DRBD
Key Benefits:
Simplifies failover during host or site failures.
Speeds up recovery processes with minimal data loss.
Consistency Models
Consistency models define how and when updates to
replicated data become visible to different systems or
users.
Common Models
 Strong Consistency:
 Ensures all replicas reflect the same data immediately after an update.
 Ideal for critical systems but can be slower.
 Eventual Consistency:
 Updates eventually propagate to all replicas, ensuring consistency over time.
 Common in distributed databases like Cassandra.
 Causal Consistency:
 Guarantees that operations with causal relationships are executed in the correct order.
 Read-Your-Writes Consistency:
 Ensures that a user sees their own updates immediately.
 Monotonic Reads/Updates:
 Prevents "backtracking" to older versions of data.
Applications
Replication in Cloud
Architectures
In cloud environments, replication ensures data,
applications, and infrastructure are available and
resilient across regions or zones.
Key Features
 Multi-Zone Replication: Ensures availability within a single region.
 Multi-Region Replication: Provides redundancy and fault tolerance
across geographic locations.
Cloud-Native Solutions
• Storage Replication:
• AWS S3 Cross-Region Replication
• Google Cloud Storage Multi-Regional Buckets
• Database Replication:
• Amazon Aurora Global Databases
• Google Cloud Spanner
Replication in Cloud
Architectures
Challenges
 Bandwidth and latency in cross-region replication.
 Balancing cost, consistency, and performance.
 Managing compliance and data sovereignty laws.
Best Practices
 Automate replication using managed cloud services.
 Monitor performance and replication lag.
 Use appropriate consistency models for different workloads.

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