Introduction

Management of Data, Information and

Knowledge
 HELLO!
I am Emmanuel
This going to be our first lesson
in Chapter 1

You can contact me at [email protected]

 Topic Outline
• Data, Information, Knowledge
• Data, Information, Knowledge MIS Focus
• Technology for Managing Data/Information
• Newer Database Developments
• Managing Information-Life Cycle Metaphor
• Technology for Information Management
Data,
Information,
Knowledge
Relationship-Lesson 1
 Data, Information, Knowledge-
Relationship
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Size, Complexity, Management

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Data, Information, Knowledge-
Relation
Often, the terms Data, Information, Knowledge are
used synonymously, the meaning however, is not
the same.

In this lesson, we want to define the term, separate

them from one another, and show their connection.

In order to understand where the differences and the

connection between data, information and
knowledge are, it is necessary to define the term
first.
DATA
• Is the representation of facts
• Refers to sets of symbols (textual, visual, audio) that may
have some generic meaning or no meaning

Example:
“Juan” vs John; “client”
DATA
• Basically data is the raw material used to create an
information. Facts are captures, stored and expressed as
data.
• Data are understood differently in different sectors. In the
basic form, Data are different symbols in characters whose
meaning only becomes clear when they connect with
context.
• Collecting and measuring observations generates data,
• Usually, machine sent, received, and process data.
More example of Data:
INFORMATION
• Refers to data with specific meaning
• Usually implies putting data in some context (sentence, other
data)

Example:
“Juan is my friend”
“Kbvm is encrypted “Juan”
“client device sent requests to the server; databased record.”
INFORMATION
• Information is data in context, without context data is
meaningless.
• We create meaningful information by interpreting the context
around data.
• Information reaches a more complex level and becomes
information by integrating them to a context.
• Information provides expertise about facts or person.
More example of Information:
KNOWLEDGE
• Refers to interconnected information that signifies;
-what is/will be
-why is/will be
-how to do
• Or WHAT: semantics (definition), taxonomy (classification),
episodic (description), ontology (all of this and
analysis/synthesis)
• HOW: procedural knowledge---how to do.
KNOWLEDGE
• Is information in perspective integrated into a view point
based on the recognition and interpretation of patterns such
as trends formed with other information and experience.
• Knowledge is about understanding the significant of
information, it enables effective action.
• Knowledge does describe the collected information that is
available about in particular fact or a person.
KNOWLEDGE
• The knowledge of this situation makes it possible to make
informed decisions and solve problems.
• Thus, knowledge influences the thinking and action of
people.
• Machines can also make decision right? That is based on the
new knowledge generated by information.
• In order to gain knowledge it necessary to process
information, that’s a relationship between this three, Data,
Information, and Knowledge
Relationship between data,
information, and Knowledge
For Example,
• Data provides building blocks for information and
• Information does so for knowledge;
• Knowledge facilitates creation of information from data;
• New data changes information, new information
changes knowledge.
Differences and Context of Terms
• The definition reveals that the differences and a process
can be identified the transformed data to information to
knowledge through appropriate processing steps.
• Data transformed into information by assigning a meaning
or context to date.
• Furthermore, the accumulation of data bundle or the
linking of virous data can also represent information.
• The moment the information is processed, linked and
stored, weather by machine or human being, it becomes
knowledge.
Differences and Context of Terms
• If you trace the path back, the data represent the
knowledge and the information at a formal level.
• That’s the relationship between data, information and
knowledge.

• Fuzzy boundaries between information and knowledge

-this three are related to each other.
-they are not the same but they are related to each
other.
 DATA,
INFORMATION,
KNOWLEDGE
MIS Focus Evolution-Lesson 2
Data, Information, Knowledge
MIS Focus Evolution
• In MIS, this 3 usually called information resources
• Point of confusion (!) “Information” used in broader sense to include
all 3
Information Resources
Some modern Issues
a. More vs. Less structured information (records vs
documents)
• Difference between Documents and Records
• May sound alike but there is a big difference between the two
• Documents- are created by planning what’s need to be done.
-Can be revised and changed
Records – are created when something is done and record
event.
-Don’t and must not change.
Information Resources
Some modern Issues
b. Hypertext-based structures as pattern of linked data/info.
• Think a dictionary and observe how its content is link together
in a dictionary.
• How can you find another word synonymous with that words.
• The dictionary is a paper example of a hypertext system. So are
encyclopedia, product catalogs, users help books, technical
documentation and many other kinds of books.
Information Resources
Some modern Issues

b. Hypertext-based structures as pattern of linked data/info.

• Information is obtained by searching through some kind of an
index/key.
• The dictionary is a range in alphabetical order and each work is
each own index/key.
• Reader are then pointed to a page of any other related
information. So they can read information their interested in
without having to read the document sequentially from
beginning to an end.
Information Resources
Example:
Information Resources
Some modern Issues
b. Hypertext-based structures as pattern of linked data/info.
• Hypertext system allows for a non-sequential, non-linear
reading. This is the underlying idea about the hypertext
systems.
• The result is a multi-dimensional document that can be read by
following different path through it.
• The main used of hypertext is information retrieval applications.
The ease of linking different peace or fragment of information is
the important aspect of hypertext information retrieval.
Information Resources
Some modern Issues
b. Hypertext-based structures as pattern of linked data/info.
• The information can be of virous media, it may be
fragment/peace of textual document, structured data from
databases, or list of term and their definition.
Information Resources
Some modern Issues
c. Data about data—metadata or information/knowledge
• What do we mean about DATA ABOUT DATA?
-we called it metadata or information/knowledge.

Metadata- is a data that describe another data. That’s why we

call it data about data.
Meta- is a prefix that in most information technology usages
means an underlying/basic definition or description.
It refers to something that describes or reflects on the structure or context
of the subject.
Information Resources
Some modern Issues
c. Data about data—metadata or information/knowledge

Metadata- Summarizes the basic information about data which

can make finding and working with particular instances of data
easier.
Technology for
Managing
Data/Informatio
n DBMS Model-Lesson 3
Technology for
Managing Data/Information
information

DBMS

Electronic (“Flat”) Files

Paper Files

Time
Technology for
Managing Data/Information
• DBMS Models
[hierarchical, network, relational, object]

When we talk about database model, this define a logical

design and structures of a database, and define how data will be
stored, access and updated in a database management system.
while relational is the most widely used database model
there’re also other model tools like, hierarchical, network model,
entity relationship model, relational model, or the object model.
Technology for
Managing Data/Information
• DBMS Models

-HIERARCHICAL MODEL
• This database model organizes data into a tree like structure with a
single root to which all the other data is linked.

• The hierarchy start from the root data and expand like a tree
adding child nodes to the parent node.
Technology for
Managing Data/Information
• DBMS Models

-HIERARCHICAL MODEL

Example:
Technology for
Managing Data/Information
• DBMS Models

-NETWOK MODEL
• This is an extension of hierarchical model, in this model data is
organized more like a graph, allowed to have more than one parent
node.
• In this database model data is more related as more relationship is
stablished in this database model.
• Also as the data is more related, hence accessing the date is more
easier and fast.
• This database model was used to map many to many data
Technology for
Managing Data/Information
• DBMS Models

-NETWOK MODEL

Example:
Technology for
Managing Data/Information
• DBMS Models

-ENTITY RELATIONSHIP MODEL

• In this database model the relationship are created by dividing
object of interest into entity and each characteristics into
attributes.
• Different entity are related using relationship.
Technology for
Managing Data/Information
• DBMS Models

- ENTITY RELATIONSHIP MODEL

Example:
Technology for
Managing Data/Information
• DBMS Models

-RELATIONSHIP MODEL
• Relational is the mostly adopted of widely used database model.
• In this model, data is organized into two dimensional table and the
relationship is maintained by storing the common field.
• The basic structure of data in the relational model is tables.
• All the information related to a particular type is stored in rows of
that table.
Technology for
Managing Data/Information
• DBMS Models

- RELATIONSHIP MODEL

Example:
Newer
Database
Lesson 4
Developments
Newer Database Developments

• DATA WAREHOUSING

• Is a process of constructing and using data warehouse

• A data warehouse is constructed by integrating data from multiple
heterogenous sources that support analytical reporting, structured
and add queries in decision making.
Newer Database Developments

• DATA WAREHOUSING
Example:
Newer Database Developments

• DATA MINING

• Is a process used by companies to turn raw data into useful

information by using software to look for pattern and large batches
of data. Businesses can learn more about the costumers to develop
more effective marketing strategies, increase sale and decrease
cost.
Newer Database Developments

• DATA MINING

Example:
Newer Database Developments

• ONLINE ANALYTICAL PROCESSING (OLAP)

• This is a technology behind many business intelligence

applications.
• If you want to venture of databases, in the industries you will be
hearing these three terms;
-data warehousing
-data mining
-business intelligence (BI)
OLAP is a technology behind that business intelligence application.
Newer Database Developments

• ONLINE ANALYTICAL PROCESSING (OLAP)

• OLAP is a powerful technology for data discovery including the

capabilities or limitless report viewing, complex analytical
calculations, and predictive what if scenario, budget forecast
planning.

• These three terms, are what we looking at in the industry at

present.
Managing
Information-
Life Cycle
Metaphor
Lesson 5
Managing Information-
Life Cycle Metaphor
The Information Life Cycle is the
change in the value of information
over time.
Managing Information-Life Cycle

 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT USES SIMILAR CYLCE

 When the data is created, it often has the highest value and it
used frequently. As the data ages it is access less frequently and
it less value to organization.
 Understanding the information life cycle helps to deploy
appropriate storage infrastructure according to the changing
value of information.
 Information like the business goes through the virous paces and
its clycle.
Managing Information-
Life Cycle Metaphor
Managing Information-Life Cycle

 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT USES SIMILAR CYLCE

 Since information is required at every stage of the business on a

daily bases, it become imperative to understand that each pace
of the database life cycle.
Technology for
Information
Management
Lesson 6
Technology for Information
Management
 DATABASES (ORGANIZE, STORE, RETRIEVE)

 Is organized collection of structure information

 Data typically stored electronically in a computer system
 Usually controlled by a database management system or DBMS
 Together the data and the DBMS along with the applications that
associated with them are referred to as the database system
often sorted us a database or just DB.
Technology for Information
Management
 DATABASES (ORGANIZE, STORE, RETRIEVE)

 Data within the most common type of databases in operation

today is typically modeled in rows and columns.
 This is in a serries of tables to make processing and data
querying efficient.
 The data can be easily access, manage, modified, updated,
controlled, and organized.
 Most databases uses Structure Query Language (SQL) for
writing and querying about the data.
Technology for Information
Management
 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS, DECISION SUPORT
SYSTEMS (Knowledge Implications)

 Management Information Systems (MIS)

 is study of people, technology, organizations, and the
relationship among them.
 MIS Professionals help firms realize maximum benefit from
investment in personnel, equipment’s, and business
processes.
 MIS is a people oriented field with the emphasis on service
through technology.
Technology for Information
Management
 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS, DECISION SUPORT SYSTEMS
(Knowledge Implications)

 Decision Support Systems (DSS)

 is a computerized program use to support the termination,
judgement, and course of action in an organization or
businesses.
 A DSS shift through the analysis massive amount of data,
compiling comprehensive information that can be used to
solve problem in decision making
 DSS basically speeds up the decision making capability of the
organization.
Technology for Information
Management
 INFORMATION FILTERING (reduce size - increase relevance)

 Information filtering system is a system that remove redundant

or unwanted information from information stream using a
automated (it might be fully automated or computerized
method) prior to presentation to a human user.
 Each main goal is to management information overload and
increment of the semantic signal to noise ratio.
Technology for Information
Management
 COMMUNICATION (transfer, create)

 Communication is simply a process where a message is

transmitted or ideas are exchange between the communicator
and the recipient.
 The communication process uses a medium to transfer
information, facts, opinions, and ideas from the originator or
communicator to the recipient or to the receiver.
Technology for Information
Management
 Groupware (create, store, share)

 Refers to programs that help people work together collectively

while located remotely from each other.
 Programs that enable real-time collaboration are called
synchronous groupware.
Assignment # 1
• Define Data and Information Management.
THANKS!
ANY QUESTIONS?

You can find me at: @emmanuelmolina

[email protected]
 Reference:
(1628) Lec01 IM Preliminaries - YouTube

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