Contraception methods

Team 9: Withdrawal and Standard Days Method

I. Withdrawal
II. Standard Days Method
1.1. Definition and
2.1. Definition
How it works
2.2. How it works
1.2. Risk factors
2.3. Risk factors
WITHDRAWAL
DEFINITION & HOW IT WORKS

● The practice of withdrawing the penis from the vagina and away from a
woman's external genitals before ejaculation to prevent pregnancy.
● The goal of the withdrawal method is to prevent sperm from entering the
vagina.
WITHDRAWAL
RISK FACTORS

● Sexually
transmitted
infections
● Interrupts sex,
high failure rate,
sperm can be
released before
ejaculation.
STANDARD DAYS METHOD
DEFINITION

Identifies a fixed fertile window for women with cycles that are between 26 and 32
days long.

For women with cycles in this range, the method identifies days 8 through 19 as
potentially fertile days. A user simply tracks the start date of her period and the
days of her cycle to know if she is on a day when pregnancy is possible or not.
STANDARD DAYS METHOD
WORKING PRINCIPLE

RISK FACTORS

High failure rate often by individuals

with an incomplete understanding

of the calculations.
Team 8: Sympto-thermal method
What is the Sympto-Thermal Method?

The Sympto- Thermal Method (STM) makes use of a woman’s observations of her cervical fluid, basal
body temperature (waking temperature) and other biological signs (e.g., changes in the cervix) in order
to identify the fertile and infertile times of her cycle.

“Sympto” stands for the symptom of cervical fluid, which changes under the influence of the woman’s
reproductive hormone, estrogen.

“Thermal” stands for the basal body temperature (BBT), which rises after a woman ovulates (when the
ovary releases an egg). Research shows that both are reliable signs of fertility.
How does the Sympto-Thermal Method work?

With STM, women learn to observe cervical fluid secretions and record the characteristics of their
secretions on a daily basis.
Cervical fluid is produced in the woman’s cervix. After menstruation, if a woman does not feel or see
cervical fluid in the vaginal area, she is probably not fertile.

The start of the fertile period: the fluid becomes clear, stretchy and slippery as ovulation approaches.

The end of a woman’s fertile period: after ovulation, the fluid dries

Basal body temperature is your temperature when you first wake from sleep. BBT is lower in the first part
of the cycle, and rises right after ovulation under the influence of the woman’s reproductive hormone,
progesterone. It stays high for the rest of the cycle.
Team 8
How effective is the Sympto-Thermal Method in helping couples avoid pregnancy?

If a couple uses the Sympto-Thermal Method perfectly, it is 99.4-99.6% effective in avoiding pregnancy
(98-99% effective with typical use) .

With typical use of the method over one year, less than 2 pregnancies occur per 100 women. To use STM
correctly, couples need to learn from trained instructors and be sure to follow all of the simple
instructions.
What are some benefits of the Sympto-Thermal Method?

The Sympto-Thermal Method is easy-to-learn for attempting to achieve or avoid pregnancy.

There are no devices or drugs to use that harm the body or a couple’s fertility.

STM is safe, healthy (“organic”), and inexpensive. It teaches couples to understand their bodies and their
combined fertility. The STM is “reversible”—a couple can change their family planning goals whenever
they wish. And, research shows that couples who switch to a natural method of family planning improve
their relationships, and feel more respected by their partners and more in control of their fertility. 5
TEAM 4: CONDOM
A sheath-shaped barrier used during sexual intercourse

⇒ Reduce the probability of pregnancy or a sexually transmitted infection (STI) by keeping semen
(the fluid that contains sperm) from entering the vagina.
COMPARE MALE & FEMALE CONDOM

Similarities:

● Immediately effective
● Protection from sexually transmitted infections
● Available without a prescription or special fitting
● Uasually nonallergic reactions and has minimal risk of side effects
COMPARE MALE & FEMALE CONDOM
COMPARE MALE & FEMALE CONDOM
MALE FEMALE

Material Latex Synthetic Latex + polyurethane

Time At action time ;) Can be inserted up to eight

hours before sex

Requirements Erect penis to wear on Doesn't require a partner's

cooperation or an erect penis

Effectiveness not as safe as women’s version Safer, actively used by the

woman.
COSTs & BENEFITs
COSTS:

- Reduce sensation
- Loss of erection
- Side effects: Can cause allergy or irritation from spermicides or lubricants
- Not 100% safe: Break, leak, or slip -> increase the risk of pregnancy or an STI.

BENEFITS:

- Convenient
- Cheap
- Easy to use
 TEAM 6: IMPLANT
OUTLINE
1. What is implant method?
2. How it work?
3. Effectiveness
4. Advantages and
disadvantages
5. Side effects
6. Notice
What is implants?
- Flexible plastic rod which is 40 mm long called Nexplanon
- Placed just under the skin of the upper inner arm or in the vagina
- Each implant contains ~80 mg buprenorphine
How it work?
Releases hormone etonogestrel (similar to
progestogen) to:
- Prevent ovaries from releasing eggs
- Thickens your cervical mucus → Block sperm
Effectiveness
- Last for 3 years
- Flexible and not easily visible
- Provide the lowest pregnancy rate (1/100
women get pregnancy in 1st year used)
Side effects
- Nausea
- Weight gain
- Ovarian cysts
- Pain or bruising where the
implant was inserted
- An infection where the implant
was inserted
- Irregular menstrual bleeding
Notice
Who should not use this method?
Team 7: Emergency contraception pills (ECPs)

- Purpose: Using to prevent pregnancy after sexual

intercourse.
- Recommendation: 5 days, more effective if the couple
uses sooner.
- Mode of action: preventing/delaying ovulation and they do
not induce an abortion.
- Effectiveness: women who used ECPs had a pregnancy
rate from 1.2% - 2,1%.
- Side effects: nausea and vomiting, slight irregular vaginal
Team 2: Oral contraceptive pills

What is control pil ?

● The birth control pill (also called "the Pill") is a daily pill that
contains hormones to change the way the body works and
prevent pregnancy
● The hormones in the Pill control the ovaries and the uterus
How it work ?

● birth control pills are "combination pills" containing a mix of the

hormones estrogen and progesterone to prevent ovulation
● A woman cannot get pregnant if she doesn't ovulate because
there is no egg to be fertilized
How to use ?
● combination pills come in either a 21-day pack or a 28-day
pack
● Depending on your pack, you will either stop taking birth
control pills for 7 days (as in the 21-day pack) or you will
take a pill that contains no hormones for 7 days (the 28-
day pack)
● For the first 7 days of taking the Pill, a girl should use an
additional form of contraception, such as condoms, to
prevent pregnancy
● After 7 days, the Pill should work alone to prevent
pregnancy. This timing can vary based on the type of Pill
and when you start taking it — so be sure to talk about it
with your doctor
Side effects
Most young women who take the Pill have none to very few side effects. The side effects that some
women have while on the Pill include:

● irregular menstrual bleeding (more common with the mini-pill)

● nausea, headaches, dizziness, and breast tenderness
● mood changes
● blood clots (rare in women under 35 who do not smoke)
Team 1: Injectable contraceptive

The contraceptive injection (Depo-Provera) release the hormone

progestin into bloodstream

preventing ovulation
making cervical mucus thicker

Only effective if you get a new shot every 12-13 weeks (every
3 months, or 4 times a year).
Team 1: Injectable contraception
NOTE:
No protection from from
sexually transmitted infections.

Delay of up to 1 year before

your periods return to normal
and you can become pregnant

If you get your first shot without

the first 7 days after the start of
your period, you need to use
another form of birth control
(like a condom) for the first
week after getting the shot.
 Team 3: Intrauterine device copper and
levonorgestrel containing

Outline
1. What it is
2. How it works
3. Its effectivemess
4. Side effect
 1. What it is
● Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are small, flexible, T-shaped plastic devices inserted into the uterus. An IUD is left in place for 3, 5, or 10
years, depending on the type

These IUDs are divided into 2 types: copper IUDs and hormonal IUDs

The copper IUD doesn’t have hormones. It’s wrapped in a tiny bit of copper, and it protects you from pregnancy for up to 12 years.

The hormonal IUDs use the hormone progestin to prevent pregnancy. Progestin is very similar to the hormone progesterone that our
bodies make naturally.
2. How it works

Both copper IUDs and hormonal IUDs prevent pregnancy by changing the way
sperm cells move so they can't get to an egg. If sperm can’t make it to an egg,
pregnancy can’t happen

● The copper IUD uses copper to prevent pregnancy. Sperm doesn’t like copper, so
the ParaGard IUD makes it almost impossible for sperm to get to that egg..
● The IUDs prevent pregnancy in two ways: 1) they thicken the mucus that lives on
the cervix, which blocks and traps the sperm, and 2) the hormones also sometimes
stop eggs from leaving your ovaries (called ovulation), which means there’s no egg
for a sperm to fertilize. No egg, no pregnancy.
3. Its effectivemess

● IUDs are very effective: The advantages of the IUD include the fact that it is
highly effective in preventing conception, is reversible, and starts working almost
immediately. Once the IUD is removed, there is a quick return to fertility.
● IUDs have no general, bodywide (systemic) effects.
● Women need to make only one contraceptive decision every 3, 5, or 10 years.
4. Side effect

Common IUD side effects include:

● Irregular bleeding for several months

● Lighter or shorter periods or no periods at all

● Symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), which include headaches,

nausea, breast tenderness, and skin blemishes

Team 5: Sterilization-male & female
Team 5: Sterilization-male & female
Female: Tubal occlusion

Tubal occlusion is a process in

which the fallopian is cut, sealed and
blocked that makes it is not able to
carry an egg from the ovary to the
womb.
Team 5: Sterilization-male & female
Male: Vasectomy

Vasectomy is a process in which the vas

deferens is cut and sealed that makes it is
unable to carry sperm to the penis
Team 5: Sterilization-male & female