Hypothesis testing

Hypothesis Testing
• It is a decision – making process for evaluating
claims about a population.
• It is basically testing an assumption that we
can make about a population.
 Hypothesis

• Is an assumption or conjecture about a

population parameter which may or may not be
true
Example

• Does the mean height of Grade 12 students

differ from 66 inches?
• Is the proportion of senior male students’ height
significantly higher than that of senior female students?
 The Null and Alternative Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis
• It is denoted by .
• It is the initial claim.
• It shows no significant difference, no changes,
nothing happened, no relationship between
two parameters.
• The independent variable has no effect on the
dependent variable
 The Null and Alternative Hypothesis

Alternative Hypothesis
• It is denoted by or .
• It is the contrary to the null hypothesis
• It shows that there is significant difference, an
effect, change, relationship between a parameter
and specific value.
• The independent variable has an effect on the
dependent variable.
•
 The Null and Alternative Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
= Equal to, the same as, not change from, is

Alternative Hypothesis
Not equal, different from, changed from,
not the same as
Greater than, above, higher than, longer
than, bigger than, Increased, at least
less than, below, lower than, smaller than, shorter
than, decreased or reduced from, at most
State the null and alternative hypothesis for
each statement.
Example 1
The average age of bus drivers in Metro Manila
is 38.8 years.

Example 2
The average number of calories of a low –
calories meal is at most 300.
State the null and alternative hypothesis for
each statement.
Example 3
The school record claims that the mean score in Math of the
incoming Grade 11 students is 81. the teacher wishes to find out if
the claim is true. She test if there is significance different between
the batch mean score and the mean score of students in her class

Null and Alternative Hypothesis in words Null and Alternative Hypothesis in symbol
State the null and alternative hypothesis for
each statement.
Example 3
The school record claims that the mean score in Math of the
incoming Grade 11 students is 81. the teacher wishes to find out if
the claim is true. She test if there is significance different between
the batch mean score and the mean score of students in her class

Null and Alternative Hypothesis in words Null and Alternative Hypothesis in symbol

The mean score of the incoming Grade 11

students is 81
State the null and alternative hypothesis for
each statement.
Example 3
The school record claims that the mean score in Math of the
incoming Grade 11 students is 81. the teacher wishes to find out if
the claim is true. She test if there is significance different between
the batch mean score and the mean score of students in her class

Null and Alternative Hypothesis in words Null and Alternative Hypothesis in symbol

The mean score of the incoming Grade 11

students is 81

The mean score of the incoming Grade 11

students is not 81
State the null and alternative hypothesis for
each statement.
Example 3
The school record claims that the mean score in Math of the
incoming Grade 11 students is 81. the teacher wishes to find out if
the claim is true. She test if there is significance different between
the batch mean score and the mean score of students in her class

Null and Alternative Hypothesis in words Null and Alternative Hypothesis in symbol

The mean score of the incoming Grade 11

students is 81

The mean score of the incoming Grade 11

students is not 81
State the null and alternative hypothesis for
each statement.
Example 3
The school record claims that the mean score in Math of the
incoming Grade 11 students is 81. the teacher wishes to find out if
the claim is true. She test if there is significance different between
the batch mean score and the mean score of students in her class

Null and Alternative Hypothesis in words Null and Alternative Hypothesis in symbol

The mean score of the incoming Grade 11

students is 81

The mean score of the incoming Grade 11

students is not 81
State the null and alternative hypothesis for
each statement.
Example 4
A social worker wants to test (at = 0.05) whether
the average body mass index (BMI) of the pupils
under feeding program is different from 8.2 kg.
Null and Alternative Hypothesis in words Null and Alternative Hypothesis in symbol
State the null and alternative hypothesis for
each statement.
Example 4
A social worker wants to test (at = 0.05) whether
the average body mass index (BMI) of the pupils
under feeding program is different from 8.2 kg.
Null and Alternative Hypothesis in words Null and Alternative Hypothesis in symbol

The average BMI of the pupils under

feeding program is different from 8.2
State the null and alternative hypothesis for
each statement.
Example 4
A social worker wants to test (at = 0.05) whether
the average body mass index (BMI) of the pupils
under feeding program is different from 8.2 kg.
Null and Alternative Hypothesis in words Null and Alternative Hypothesis in symbol

The average BMI of the pupils under

feeding program is not different from 8.2

The average BMI of the pupils under

feeding program is different from 8.2
State the null and alternative hypothesis for
each statement.
Example 4
A social worker wants to test (at = 0.05) whether
the average body mass index (BMI) of the pupils
under feeding program is different from 8.2 kg.
Null and Alternative Hypothesis in words Null and Alternative Hypothesis in symbol

The average BMI of the pupils under

feeding program is not different from 8.2

The average BMI of the pupils under

feeding program is different from 8.2
State the null and alternative hypothesis for
each statement.
Example 4
A social worker wants to test (at = 0.05) whether
the average body mass index (BMI) of the pupils
under feeding program is different from 8.2 kg.
Null and Alternative Hypothesis in words Null and Alternative Hypothesis in symbol

The average BMI of the pupils under

feeding program is not different from 8.2

The average BMI of the pupils under

feeding program is different from 8.2
State the null and alternative hypothesis for
each statement.
Example 5
A DTI representative wants to test at 99%
confidence level whether the average content of
Soda X is less than 330 ml as indicate in the label.
Null and Alternative Hypothesis in words Null and Alternative Hypothesis in symbol
State the null and alternative hypothesis for
each statement.
Example 5
A DTI representative wants to test at 99%
confidence level whether the average content of
Soda X is less than 330 ml as indicate in the label.
Null and Alternative Hypothesis in words Null and Alternative Hypothesis in symbol

The average content of soda X is less than

330 ml.
State the null and alternative hypothesis for
each statement.
Example 5
A DTI representative wants to test at 99%
confidence level whether the average content of
Soda X is less than 330 ml as indicate in the label.
Null and Alternative Hypothesis in words Null and Alternative Hypothesis in symbol

The average content of soda X is greater

than or equal to 330 ml.

The average content of soda X is less than

330 ml.
State the null and alternative hypothesis for
each statement.
Example 5
A DTI representative wants to test at 99%
confidence level whether the average content of
Soda X is less than 330 ml as indicate in the label.
Null and Alternative Hypothesis in words Null and Alternative Hypothesis in symbol

The average content of soda X is greater

than or equal to 330 ml.

The average content of soda X is less than

330 ml.
State the null and alternative hypothesis for
each statement.
Example 5
A DTI representative wants to test at 99%
confidence level whether the average content of
Soda X is less than 330 ml as indicate in the label.
Null and Alternative Hypothesis in words Null and Alternative Hypothesis in symbol

The average content of soda X is greater

than or equal to 330 ml.

The average content of soda X is less than

330 ml.
 Here is another key term you should know!

Level of Significance

✓ The level of significance denoted by alpha or 𝛂 refers to the

degree of significance in which we accept or reject the null
hypothesis.

✓ 100% accuracy is not possible in accepting or rejecting a

hypothesis.

✓ The significance level α is also the probability of making the

wrong decision when the null hypothesis is true.
 Here is another key term you should know!

Level of Significance

✓ The level of significance denoted by alpha or 𝛂 refers to the

degree of significance in which we accept or reject the null
hypothesis.

✓ 100% accuracy is not possible in accepting or rejecting a

hypothesis.

✓ The significance level α is also the probability of making the

wrong decision when the null hypothesis is true.
 Take a look at this example.
Maria uses 5% level of significance in proving that
there is no significant change in the average number of
enrollees in the 10 sections for the last two years.
It means that the chance that the null hypothesis (𝐻𝑜) would be rejected when
it is true is 5%.

𝛼 = 0.05 is actually the area under the normal curve within the rejection region.
 Here is another key term you should know!

Two-Tailed Test vs One-Tailed Test

like 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇0, it is called two-tailed test.

✓ When the alternative hypothesis is two-sided

✓ When the given statistics hypothesis assumes

a less than or greater than value, it is called
one-tailed test.